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US regulations to curb alleged cancer causes are ineffectual and compromised by scientific, constitutional and ethical violations
Scientific principles for the identification of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: a consensus statement
Endocrine disruption is a specific form of toxicity, where natural and/or anthropogenic chemicals, known as "endocrine disruptors" (EDs), trigger adverse health effects by disrupting the endogenous hormone system. There is need to harmonize guidance on the regulation of EDs, but this has been hampered by what appeared as a lack of consensus among scientists. This publication provides summary information about a consensus reached by a group of world-leading scientists that can serve as the basis for the development of ED criteria in relevant EU legislation. Twenty-three international scientists from different disciplines discussed principles and open questions on ED identification as outlined in a draft consensus paper at an expert meeting hosted by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin, Germany on 11-12 April 2016. Participants reached a consensus regarding scientific principles for the identification of EDs. The paper discusses the consensus reached on background, definition of an ED and related concepts, sources of uncertainty, scientific principles important for ED identification, and research needs. It highlights the difficulty in retrospectively reconstructing ED exposure, insufficient range of validated test systems for EDs, and some issues impacting on the evaluation of the risk from EDs, such as non-monotonic dose-response and thresholds, modes of action, and exposure assessment. This report provides the consensus statement on EDs agreed among all participating scientists. The meeting facilitated a productive debate and reduced a number of differences in views. It is expected that the consensus reached will serve as an important basis for the development of regulatory ED criteria
Die Notverordnungen des kroatischen PrÀsidenten aus den Jahren 1991 und 1992
U radu se razmatraju uredbe iz nuĆŸde koje je donio predsjednik Republike Franjo TuÄman u drugoj polovici 1991. i poÄetkom 1992. godine u vrijeme otvorene agresije na Republiku Hrvatsku. Glavnina uredbi donesena je 10. rujna 1991., a do kraja 1991. godine donesene su gotovo sve uredbe iz nuĆŸde. Uredbama su regulirani klasiÄni drĆŸavni resori poput pravosuÄa, unutarnjih poslova i vojske, no velik dio uredbi regulirao je i javne sluĆŸbe te gospodarstvo.At the beginning, this paper gives a brief notional historical overview of emergency decrees, after which follows a reconstruction of events in 1990 that led to the introduction of articles 17 and 101 of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia as Constitutional decrees relating to states of emergency.
The central part of the paper deals with emergency decrees passed by the Croatian President Franjo TuÄman at the time of the open aggression against the Republic of Croatia in the second half of 1991 and the beginning of 1992. In this section, using sources, especially the minutes of the Commission for Constitutional Matters of the Croatian Partliament and the minutes of the plenary sessions of the Croatian Parliament, and also relevant literature, the paper sheds light on the circumstances under which the decrees were passed and approved by the Croatian Parliament, and thus provides a new interpretation of the decrees. After discussing the circumstances under which the decrees were passed, the author deals with various aspects of the decrees\u27 content, first noting the basic characteristics of the decrees, and then classifying them according to fields, such as: internal affairs, defense and justice, and also those covering public services and the economy. While discussing particular decrees the author sets out only the main provisions of the decrees with a view to presenting their basic characteristics, such as the limitation of constitutional rights and the centralisation of public services and of the economy.
In the last part of the paper, the author analyzes the constitutionality of the decrees and their lifting. The question of whether the Parliament could convene is paramount in considering the constitutionality of the decrees, since this is important in establishing whether the President of the Republic had the power to pass decrees limiting constitutional rights. The author also considers the decision of the Constitutional Court to approve the constitutionality of the decrees. The lifting of the decrees is analyzed with special consideration given to the circumstances leading to this.Am Anfang dieser Arbeit wird eine kurze begriffshistorische Ăbersicht ĂŒber die Notverordnungen prĂ€sentiert, wonach rekonstruiert wird, wie die den Ausnahmezustand regelnden Artikel 17 und 101 der Verfassung der Republik Kroatien von 1990 zustande kamen. Der zentrale Teil dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit den Notverordnungen, die der damalige kroatische StaatsprĂ€sident Franjo TuÄman wĂ€hrend des offenen Angriffskrieges gegen die Republik Kroatien in der zweiten HĂ€lfte des Jahres 1991 und Anfang 1992 erlieĂ. Dabei wird versucht, anhand des Quellenstudiums, vor allem der Niederschriften zur Arbeit der parlamentarischen Kommission fĂŒr Verfassungsfragen, der Protokolle zu den Plenarsitzungen des Parlaments der Republik Kroatien (Sabor), aber auch unter RĂŒckgriff auf die entsprechende Literatur die UmstĂ€nde des Erlasses der Notverordnungen sowie ihrer BestĂ€tigung durch den Sabor zu beleuchten und auf diese Weise einen Beitrag zur Reinterpretation der betreffenden Verordnungen zu leisten. Nach einer dementsprechenden KlĂ€rung werden die inhaltlichen Aspekte der Verordnungen dargestellt, indem zunĂ€chst deren Hauptmerkmale bestimmt werden und danach eine Zuordnung zum Bereich des Inneren, der Verteidigung und der Justiz beziehungsweise zum Bereich der öffentlichen Aufgaben und der Wirtschaft erfolgt. Innerhalb der Darstellung einzelner Verordnungen versuchen wir, lediglich ihre wesentlichen Bestimmungen zu prĂ€sentieren, an denen die wichtigsten Merkmale wie die BeschrĂ€nkung der Verfassungsrechte und die Zentralisierung der öffentlichen Aufgaben und der Wirtschaft deutlich werden. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit werden die VerfassungskonformitĂ€t der Verordnungen und das Ende ihrer GĂŒltigkeit analysiert. Die VerfassungsmĂ€Ăigkeit der Verordnungen wird in erster Linie unter dem Aspekt untersucht, ob das Parlament hĂ€tte zusammentreten können, wovon schlieĂlich die ZustĂ€ndigkeit des PrĂ€sidenten der Republik fĂŒr das Erlassen von verfassungsrechtsbeschrĂ€nkenden Verordnungen abhing. Ebenfalls wird die Entscheidung des Verfassungsgerichts besprochen, in der es den Verordnungen VerfassungsmĂ€Ăigkeit bescheinigt. Die Aufhebung der Verordnungen wird hinsichtlich der dafĂŒr verantwortlichen UmstĂ€nde analysiert
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Concepts of Biological Limit Values (BAT Values, Eka and BLW) : BAT Value Documentation, 2005
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