PERMDISP results of the composition of samples between the different members of the Werfen Formation.

<p>The Tesero and San Lucano members were excluded from the tests as they have <3 samples.</p

Alpha diversity dynamics through the Werfen Formation.

<p><b>A)</b> Changes in taxonomic richness: standing richness (circles), originations (squares) and extinctions (triangles). <b>B)</b> Changes in median sample richness (squares) and Simpson Diversity (triangles), ranges are shown by the vertical lines. <b>C)</b> Number of modes of life recorded in each unit of the Werfen formation. Standing FR–Standing Functional Richness. <b>D)</b> Changes in sample functional richness (squares) and Simpson Functional Diversity (triangles), ranges are shown by the vertical lines. Simpson FD–Simpson Functional Diversity.</p

Location maps of the study sites.

<p><b>A)</b> Palaeogeographic map of the Early Triassic after [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172321#pone.0172321.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>] indicating approximate position of the Dolomites, Italy. <b>B)</b> Location of the investigated sections: 1—Tesero; 2—Val Averta; 3—Costabella; 4—l’Uomo; 5—Rio di Pantl; 6—Siusi.</p

Fossil invertebrates from the Werfen Formation, Dolomites, Italy.

<p><b>A)</b> Bivalve sp.A, Mazzin Member; <b>B)</b> Bivalve sp.B, Tesero Member; <b>C)</b> Bivalve sp.C, Tesero Member; <b>D-E)</b> cf. <i>Unionites danocinus</i>, Siusi Member; <b>F)</b> <i>Neoschizodus ovatus</i>, San Lucano Member; <b>G)</b> <i>Claraia clarai</i>, Mazzin Member; <b>H)</b> <i>Claraia clarai</i>, Siusi Member; <b>I-J)</b> <i>Claraia wangi-griesbachi</i>, Mazzin Member; <b>K)</b> <i>Austrotindaria antiqua</i>, Siusi Member; <b>L)</b> <i>Austrotindaria</i> spp, Campil Member; <b>M)</b> <i>Scythentolium</i> sp, Cencenighe Member; <b>N)</b> <i>Eumorphotis</i> spp. (black arrow) and a microconchid encrusted on a bivalve shell (white arrow), Siusi Member; <b>O)</b> <i>Bakevellia</i> spp, Cencenighe Member; <b>P)</b> <i>Lingularia yini</i>, Mazzin Member; <b>Q)</b> <i>Lingularia borealis</i>, Siusi Member; <b>R)</b> <i>Lingularia</i> spp, Gastropod Oolite Member; <b>S-T)</b> cf. <i>Plagioglypta</i> sp, Siusi Member; <b>U)</b> Microconchid, Siusi Member; <b>V)</b> Ophiuroid ossicle, Siusi Member; <b>W)</b> <i>Holocrinus</i> sp, Cencenighe Member; <b>X)</b> cf. <i>Worthenia</i> sp, Campil Member; <b>Y)</b> <i>Natriria costata</i>, Cencenighe Member; <b>Z)</b> <i>Coelostylina werfensis</i>, Siusi Member; <b>AA)</b> High-spired gastropod sp.B, Siusi Member; <b>AB-AC)</b> <i>Polygyrina</i> sp, Siusi Member; <b>AD)</b> <i>Pseudomurchisonia kokeni</i>, Siusi Member; <b>AE)</b> <i>Allocosmia</i> sp, Cencenighe Member; <b>AF)</b> High-spired gastropod sp.A, Siusi Member. Scale bar = 1mm, except D, K, M and Q.</p

Changes in the linear sedimentation rate during deposition of the Werfen Formation.

<p>Substage durations after [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172321#pone.0172321.ref066" target="_blank">66</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172321#pone.0172321.ref069" target="_blank">69</a>].</p

Distribution of taxonomic and functional changes through the Werfen Formation.

<p><b>A)</b> Changes in taxonomic richness; <b>B)</b> Changes in Simpson Diversity; <b>C)</b> Changes in functional richness; <b>D)</b> Changes in Simpson functional diversity. Stratigraphic framework as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172321#pone.0172321.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. Ch.—Changhsingian, BF—Bellerophon Formation, T–Tesero, A–Andraz, GO—Gastropod Oolite, Val bad.–Val Badia, San L.–San Lucano.</p

List of all recorded taxa and their mode of life.

<p>Modes of life after[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172321#pone.0172321.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>]. T = Tiering: 2 = erect, 3 = epifaunal, 4 = semi-infaunal, 5 = shallow infaunal. M = Motility: 2 = slow, 4 = facultatively motile, attached, 3 = facultatively motile, unattached, 5 = stationary, unattached, 6 = stationary, attached. F = Feeding: 1 = suspension feeder, 2 = surface deposit feeder, 3 = miner, 4 = grazer, 5 = predator (see[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172321#pone.0172321.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>] for definitions of functional modes).</p

Stratigraphic framework and composite stratigraphic range data for invertebrate taxa for the Werfen Formation, Dolomites.

<p><b>A)</b> Lower Triassic substages and members of the Werfen Formation following[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172321#pone.0172321.ref024" target="_blank">24</a>]. Vertical subdivision is proportional to thickness after[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172321#pone.0172321.ref024" target="_blank">24</a>]. Ch.—Changhsingian, Bellero. Fm—Bellerophon Formation, GO.—Gastropod Oolite, Val Bad.—Val Badia, San Luc.—San Lucano. <b>B)</b> Lithological column, 1 –limestone facies; 2—clastic facies; 3—tepee structures; 4 –debris-flow facies; 5—bioclasts; 6 –vuggy dolomite; 7—ooids; 8 –bioturbation. <b>C)</b> Sea level curve. s—supratidal, p—intertidal, ir—inner ramp, mr—mid-ramp, or–outer ramp. <b>D)</b> Bulk carbonate carbon isotopes. Colored dots: this study (green—Tesero, black—Rio Di Pantl, orange—Siusi, pink—l’Uomo, purple—Costabella, red—Val Averta), grey dots after [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172321#pone.0172321.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172321#pone.0172321.ref026" target="_blank">26</a>]. The Dienerian and SSB events discussed in the text are highlighted by arrows. <b>E)</b> Investigated sections. 1—Tesero; 2—Val Averta; 3 –l’Uomo; 4—Costabella; 5—Rio di Pantl; 6 –Siusi. <b>F)</b> Ranges of benthic invertebrates (this study). Horizontal lines represent occurrences. Species numbers are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172321#pone.0172321.s013" target="_blank">S1 Text</a>.</p

nMDS ordination showing the compositional changes between the different units of the Siusi Member.

<p><b>A)</b> Taxonomic compositions. <b>B)</b> Functional compositions.</p

Cluster analysis of the samples from Werfen Formation.

<p><b>A)</b> The SIMPROF test identified 23 groups of samples which are statistically distinct (dashed lines; A-W). The groups are interpreted as different benthic biofacies. <b>B)</b> The SIMPROF test identified 26 groups of samples which are statistically distinct (dashed lines; A-Z). The groups are interpreted as different benthic ecofacies.</p