1 research outputs found
Amorfrutin C Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Proliferation in Colon Cancer Cells through Targeting Mitochondria
A known (<b>1</b>) and a structurally related new natural
product (<b>2</b>), both belonging to the amorfrutin benzoic
acid class, were isolated from the roots of <i>Glycyrrhiza foetida</i>. Compound <b>1</b> (amorfrutin B) is an efficient agonist
of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma
and of other PPAR subtypes. Compound <b>2</b> (amorfrutin C)
showed comparably lower PPAR activation potential. Amorfrutin C exhibited
striking antiproliferative effects for human colorectal cancer cells
(HT-29 and T84), prostate cancer (PC-3), and breast cancer (MCF7)
cells (IC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 8 to 16 μM in these
cancer cell lines). Notably, amorfrutin C (<b>2</b>) showed
less potent antiproliferative effects in primary colon cells. For
HT-29 cells, compound <b>2</b> induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest
and modulated protein expression of key cell cycle modulators. Amorfrutin
C further induced apoptotic events in HT-29 cells, including caspase
activation, DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage, phosphatidylserine externalization,
and formation of reactive oxygen species. Mechanistic studies revealed
that <b>2</b> disrupts the mitochondrial integrity by depolarization
of the mitochondrial membrane (IC<sub>50</sub> 0.6 μM) and permanent
opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, leading
to increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification.
Structure–activity-relationship experiments revealed the carboxylic
acid and the hydroxy group residues of <b>2</b> as fundamental
structural requirements for inducing these apoptotic effects. Synergy
analyses demonstrated stimulation of the death receptor signaling
pathway. Taken together, amorfrutin C (<b>2</b>) represents
a promising lead for the development of anticancer drugs