Molecular Origins of Defects in Organohalide Perovskites and Their Influence on Charge Carrier Dynamics

The chemical origins of charge recombination centers in lead-based organohalide perovskites were investigated using a combination of quantitative solution chemistry, X-ray diffraction, and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. We explored the complex, concentration-dependent solution equilibria among iodoplumbate coordination complexes that have been implicated as potential midgap states in organohalide perovskites. High concentrations of PbI₂, PbI₃^–, and PbI₄^2– were found in precursor solutions that match those used to deposit perovskite films for solar cell applications. We found that the concentration of tetraiodoplumbate PbI₄^2– is uniquely correlated with the density of charge recombination centers found in the final perovskite films regardless of the lead precursor used to cast the films. However, mixed-halide perovskites commonly referred to as CH₃NH₃PbI_3–<i>x</i>Cl_<i>x</i> suppressed the formation of PbI₄^2– in comparison to perovskites that included only iodide, which is consistent with the longer charge carrier lifetimes reported in mixed-halide perovskites. These findings bring a molecular-level view to the chemical origins of charge recombination centers that provides a fundamental basis from which to understand the reported improvement in uniformity of perovskite films and devices deposited using sequential methods. These findings also suggest new approaches to control the formation of defect precursors during the deposition of organohalide perovskite absorbers

Electron–Phonon Coupling and Resonant Relaxation from 1D and 1P States in PbS Quantum Dots

Observations of the hot-phonon bottleneck, which is predicted to slow the rate of hot carrier cooling in quantum confined nanocrystals, have been limited to date for reasons that are not fully understood. We used time-resolved infrared spectroscopy to directly measure higher energy intraband transitions in PbS colloidal quantum dots. Direct measurements of these intraband transitions permitted detailed analysis of the electronic overlap of the quantum confined states that may influence their relaxation processes. In smaller PbS nanocrystals, where the hot-phonon bottleneck is expected to be most pronounced, we found that relaxation of parity selection rules combined with stronger electron–phonon coupling led to greater spectral overlap of transitions among the quantum confined states. This created pathways for fast energy transfer and relaxation that may bypass the predicted hot-phonon bottleneck. In contrast, larger, but still quantum confined nanocrystals did not exhibit such relaxation of the parity selection rules and possessed narrower intraband states. These observations were consistent with slower relaxation dynamics that have been measured in larger quantum confined systems. These findings indicated that, at small radii, electron–phonon interactions overcome the advantageous increase in energetic separation of the electronic states for PbS quantum dots. Selection of appropriately sized quantum dots, which minimize spectral broadening due to electron–phonon interactions while maximizing electronic state separation, is necessary to observe the hot-phonon bottleneck. Such optimization may provide a framework for achieving efficient hot carrier collection and multiple exciton generation

Dynamic Exchange During Triplet Transport in Nanocrystalline TIPS-Pentacene Films

The multiplication of excitons in organic semiconductors via singlet fission offers the potential for photovoltaic cells that exceed the Shockley–Quiesser limit for single-junction devices. To fully utilize the potential of singlet fission sensitizers in devices, it is necessary to understand and control the diffusion of the resultant triplet excitons. In this work, a new processing method is reported to systematically tune the intermolecular order and crystalline structure in films of a model singlet fission chromophore, 6,13-bis­(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-Pn), without the need for chemical modifications. A combination of transient absorption spectroscopy and quantitative materials characterization enabled a detailed examination of the distance- and time-dependence of triplet exciton diffusion following singlet fission in these nanocrystalline TIPS-Pn films. Triplet–triplet annihilation rate constants were found to be representative of the weighted average of crystalline and amorphous phases in TIPS-Pn films comprising a mixture of phases. Adopting a diffusion model used to describe triplet–triplet annihilation, the triplet diffusion lengths for nanocrystalline and amorphous films of TIPS-Pn were estimated to be ∼75 and ∼14 nm, respectively. Importantly, the presence of even a small fraction (<10%) of the amorphous phase in the TIPS-Pn films greatly decreased the ultimate triplet diffusion length, suggesting that pure crystalline materials may be essential to efficiently harvest multiplied triplets even when singlet fission occurs on ultrafast time scales