Characterization of Brca2-Deficient Plants Excludes the Role of NHEJ and SSA in the Meiotic Chromosomal Defect Phenotype

In somatic cells, three major pathways are involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DBS): Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ), Single-Strand Annealing (SSA) and Homologous Recombination (HR). In somatic and meiotic HR, DNA DSB are 5′ to 3′ resected, producing long 3′ single-stranded DNA extensions. Brca2 is essential to load the Rad51 recombinase onto these 3′ overhangs. The resulting nucleofilament can thus invade a homologous DNA sequence to copy and restore the original genetic information. In Arabidopsis, the inactivation of Brca2 specifically during meiosis by an RNAi approach results in aberrant chromosome aggregates, chromosomal fragmentation and missegregation leading to a sterility phenotype. We had previously suggested that such chromosomal behaviour could be due to NHEJ. In this study, we show that knock-out plants affected in both BRCA2 genes show the same meiotic phenotype as the RNAi-inactivated plants. Moreover, it is demonstrated that during meiosis, neither NHEJ nor SSA compensate for HR deficiency in BRCA2-inactivated plants. The role of the plant-specific DNA Ligase6 is also excluded. The possible mechanism(s) involved in the formation of these aberrant chromosomal bridges in the absence of HR during meiosis are discussed

Mécanisme d'excision des IES lors de la différenciation macronucléaire chez la paramecie

PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Processing of Double-Strand Breaks Is Involved in the Precise Excision of Paramecium Internal Eliminated Sequences

In ciliates, the development of the somatic macronucleus involves the programmed excision of thousands of internal eliminated sequences (IES) scattered throughout the germ line genome. Previous work with Tetrahymena thermophila has suggested that excision is initiated by a staggered double-strand break (DSB) at one IES end. Nucleophilic attack of the other end by the 3′OH group carried by the firstly broken chromosome end leads to macronuclear junction closure. In this study, we mapped the 3′OH and 5′PO(4) groups that are developmentally released at Paramecium IES boundaries, which are marked by two conserved TA dinucleotides, one of which remains in the macronuclear genome after excision. We show that initiating DSBs at both ends generate 4-base 5′ overhangs centered on the TA. Based on the observed processing of the 5′-terminal residue of each overhang, we present a new model for the precise closure of macronuclear chromosomes in Paramecium tetraurelia, different from that previously proposed for Tetrahymena. In our model, macronucleus-destined broken ends are aligned through the partial pairing of their 5′-nTAn-3′ extensions and joined after trimming of the 5′ flaps

Deciphering the Impact of a Bacterial Infection on Meiotic Recombination in Arabidopsis with Fluorescence Tagged Lines

International audiencePlants are under strong evolutionary pressure to maintain surveillance against pathogens. One major disease resistance mechanism is based on NB-LRR (NLR) proteins that specifically recognize pathogen effectors. The cluster organization of the NLR gene family could favor sequence exchange between NLR genes via recombination, favoring their evolutionary dynamics. Increasing data, based on progeny analysis, suggest the existence of a link between the perception of biotic stress and the production of genetic diversity in the offspring. This could be driven by an increased rate of meiotic recombination in infected plants, but this has never been strictly demonstrated. In order to test if pathogen infection can increase DNA recombination in pollen meiotic cells, we infectedArabidopsisFluorescent Tagged Lines (FTL) with the virulent bacteriaPseudomonas syringae. We measured the meiotic recombination rate in two regions of chromosome 5, containing or not an NLR gene cluster. In all tested intervals, no significant difference in genetic recombination frequency between infected and control plants was observed. Although it has been reported that pathogen exposure can sometimes increase the frequency of recombinant progeny in plants, our findings suggest that meiotic recombination rate inArabidopsismay be resilient to at least some pathogen attack. Alternative mechanisms are discussed

Mecanismes impliques dans la formation des anomalies chromosomiques lors de la meiose en absence de brca2 chez la plante arabidopsis thaliana.

En phase somatique, plusieurs mécanismes de réparations de l ADNinterviennent pour réparer les cassures double brin (CDB) de l ADN. Enphase méiotique, les CDB de l ADN engendrées de façon programmées parSpo11 sont réparées par la recombinaison homologue (RH) dont les acteursprincipaux sont Rad51 et Dmc1 aidés de Brca2. Chez Arabidopsis, en absencede Brca2, le déroulement méiotique est perturbé, les chromosomes nes associent pas en bivalents, ils apparaissent emmêlés. Ainsi, en absencede Brca2, la recombinaison homologue pourrait ne plus être fonctionnelleet les anomalies chromosomiques observées pourraient être le résultat deréparations aberrantes des CDB de l ADN effectuée par d autres mécanismesde réparation de l ADN. Nous avons montrés, chez Arabidopsis, que le Nonhomologous End Joining (NHEJ) et/ou le Single Strand Annealing (SSA),mécanismes de réparation des CDB de l ADN en phase somatique,n intervenaient pas en phase méiotique dans la formation des anomaliesobservées en absence de Brca2. Toujours dans l hypothèse où ces figuresméiotiques soient le résultat de liaisons covalentes, nous avons regardési les ADN-ligases ne pourraient pas être impliquées. Ainsi, nous avons pumontrer que la Ligase 6, ADN-ligase spécifique des plantes, n avait pas derôle dans les anomalies chromosomiques observées en méiose en absence deBrca2. D ailleurs la Ligase 6 ne semble pas non plus intervenir dans lesfigures chromosomiques observées chez les mutants rad51 et mnd1. Le rôlede la Ligase 6 n ayant pas été déterminé lorsque nous avons démarré cetravail, nous avons voulu identifier son le rôle en étudiant le mutantcorrespondant. Le mutant ligase 6 ne présente pas de sensibilité auxstress génotoxiques utilisés ce qui indique que la Ligase 6 ne semble pasintervenir dans la réparation de l ADN. La mutation dans le gène LIGASE Iest létal à l état homozygote, de plus nous avons pu observer uneségrégation anormale chez l hétérozygote mutant pour le gène LIGASE I. Lalétalité du mutant ligase I a été contournée par l utilisation d unsystème ARNi pour éteindre l expression du gène LIGASE I uniquement enméiose. Cependant, l implication de la Ligase I, dans les anomaliesméiotiques observées en absence de Brca2 n a pas pu être déterminée.Enfin, nous avons confirmé que, chez Arabidopsis, Xrcc4 avait un rôle dansle NHEJ via son interaction avec la Ligase IV et via la sensibilité dumutant xrcc4 à différents stress génotoxiques. En revanche, Xrcc4-like nesemble pas interagir avec les acteurs du complexe de ligation du NHEJ etle mutant ne présente pas de sensibilité aux stress génotoxique, indiquantque cette protéine n est pas impliquée dans le NHEJ et plus généralementdans les mécanismes de réparation de l ADN.In somatic cells, several mechanisms are involved in the repair of DNAdouble strand breaks (DSB). In meiotic cells, programmed DSBs are causedby Spo11 and repaired by homologous recombination (HR), whose main playersare Rad51 and Dmc1 aided by Brca2. In Arabidopsis, in the absence ofBrca2, meiosis is disturbed, chromosomes do not organize into bivalents,they appear stuck and entangled together. Thus, in the absence of Brca2,HR may be no functional and the chromosomal anomalies we observecouldresult from the aberrant repair of the DNA DSBs due to other mechanisms ofDNA repair. We have shown in Arabidopsis that the homologous end joining(NHEJ) and/or Single Strand Annealing (SSA), mechanisms of DNA DSB repairthat are active in the somatic phase, were not involved in the formationof the meiotic anomalies observed in the absence of Brca2 in meioticcells. Still assuming that these figures are the result of meioticcovalent bond, we checked whether DNA ligases could be involved. Thus, wehave shown that 6 Ligase, DNA ligase specific plants, had no role in thechromosomal abnormalities observed in meiosis in the absence of Brca2.Besides the Ligase 6 does not seem to interfere with the meiotic figuresobserved in rad51 and mnd1 mutants. We wanted to identify the Ligase 6role in studying its mutant. Ligase 6 mutant did not show sensitivity togenotoxic stress. The Ligase 6 does not seem to be involved in DNA repair.The lethality of the ligase I mutant was bypassed with a RNAi constructaimed at extinguishing the gene expression of LIGASE I atmeiosis only.However, the involvement of Ligase I in the meiotic anomalies observed inthe absence of Brca2 could not be determined. Finally, we confirmed that,in Arabidopsis, Xrcc4 has a role in NHEJ through its interaction withligase IV and the sensitivity of the xrcc4 mutant to different genotoxicstress. In contrast, Xrcc4-like does not appear to interact with playersin the NHEJ ligation complex and the mutant shows no sensitivity togenotoxic stress. These result indicated that this protein is not involvedin NHEJ and, more generally in the mechanisms of DNA repair.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Multiple pathways inhibit NHEJ at telomeres

The nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathway is inhibited at telomeres, preventing chromosome fusion. In budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Rap1 protein directly binds the telomere sequences and is required for NHEJ inhibition. Here we show that the Rap1 C-terminal domain establishes two parallel inhibitory pathways through the proteins Rif2 and Sir4. In addition, the central domain of Rap1 inhibits NHEJ independently of Rif2 and Sir4. Thus, Rap1 establishes several independent pathways to prevent telomere fusions. We discuss a possible mechanism that would explain Rif2 multifunctionality at telomeres and the recent evolutionary origin of Rif2 from an origin recognition complex (ORC) subunit

Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effects of Infection with the Hemibiotrophic Fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum on Common Bean

International audienceBean anthracnose caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the most important diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the world. In the present study, the whole transcriptome of common bean infected with C. lindemuthianum during compatible and incompatible interactions was characterized at 48 and 72 hpi, corresponding to the biotrophy phase of the infection cycle. Our results highlight the prominent role of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes from the PR10/Bet vI family as well as a complex interplay of different plant hormone pathways including Ethylene, Salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid pathways. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis reveals that infected common bean seedlings responded by down-regulation of photosynthesis, ubiquitination-mediated proteolysis and cell wall modifications. In infected common bean, SA biosynthesis seems to be based on the PAL pathway instead of the ICS pathway, contrarily to what is described in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, ~30 NLR were up-regulated in both contexts. Overall, our results suggest that the difference between the compatible and incompatible reaction is more a question of timing and strength, than a massive difference in differentially expressed genes between these two contexts. Finally, we used RT-qPCR to validate the expression patterns of several genes, and the results showed an excellent agreement with deep sequencing