From Alpine-type sulfides to nonsulfides in the Gorno Zn project (Bergamo, Italy)

Recent exploration of the Gorno Zn-Pb-Ag deposit in northern Italy identified 3.3 Mt of sulfides at 4.9% Zn, 1.3% Pb, and 27.2 g/t Ag (indicated+inferred resources), and a further mineralized nucleus of mixed sulfides-nonsulfides in the Val Vedra area, currently under evaluation. The ores are hosted in Triassic limestone and shale. Sulfides (sphalerite, Ag-bearing galena, minor pyrite, and chalcopyrite) paragenetically follow Mn-Fe-bearing saddle dolomite and sparry calcite. The mineral association, and the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of the sparry calcite (avg. δ13C = 1.0 ± 0.6‰ V-PDB; avg. δ18O = 19.63 ± 1.25‰ V-SMOW), are in agreement with precipitation from hydrothermal fluids in a deep burial setting. Sulfide emplacement occurred before the Alpine orogeny, likely during the Early-Middle Jurassic, in analogy to other Alpine-type deposits. The nonsulfide ore formed at the expense of sulfides, and mainly consists of smithsonite, hydrozincite, hemimorphite, and cerussite. The C-O-isotope values of the early generations of Zn-carbonates are characterized by δ18O between 24.1 and 26.8‰ V-SMOW and δ13C ratios between − 3.1 and 1.7‰ V-PDB. The later generations have lower δ18O (21.9 to 23.9‰) and lower δ13C (− 6.2 to − 3.9‰). These compositions, as those measured on cerussite (δ13C = −6.3 and − 7.7‰; δ18O = 14.0 and 15.3‰), agree with the formation of the nonsulfides in a supergene environment, under climatic conditions warmer than today. The δ18O decrease from early to late generations suggests progressive involvement of meteoric water sourced from higher altitudes. These characteristics indicate that the nonsulfides formed during the exhumation of the Gorno area from Miocene to Pliocene

DUALISM MANIFESTO / Design challenges for the XXI Century /

This open-access book intends to present a speculative, emergent and often radical approach to designing that draws on interdisciplinary research to explore the boundaries of design for contemporary and future spaces, observing reality through the critical lens of opposing dualisms which, precisely in their interval, define the value of the incredible versatility of being able to design between space and time, local and global, nature and artifice, science and art, technological and humanistic knowledge. The work also gathers experimental teaching and learning results collected during the six-year coordination period of the Master of Science in Interior and Spatial Design at the Politecnico di Milano | School of Design – from 2016 to 2021 – which saw the Coordinator Board, together with colleagues and experts, draw a parallel and alternative line of study of spatial design. The numerous contributions from scholars and experts of various disciplinary fields are organized in essays, abstracts, comments, speeches, focus on topics, and a large number of images relating to the various design experiences, defining a vibrant ensemble of visions and opportunities created by seniors and juniors, in an authentic peer-to-peer effort to recognize and incoming opportunities, between the real and the virtual, the natural and the hyper-technological