Повноваження представника та його реалізація за цивільним законодавством України

Гранін В.Л. Повноваження представника та його реалізація за цивільним законодавством України : автореф. дис. ... канд. юрид. наук : 12.00.03 / В. Л. Гранін; кер. роботи В. М. Зубар; Нац. ун.-т "Одеська юридична академія". – Одеса, 2005. – 20 с.Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.03 - цивільне право і цивільний процес; сімейне право; міжнародне приватне право. - Одеська національна юридична академія, Одеса, 2005. Дисертація присвячена комплексному дослідженню інституту представництва та категорії повноважень за цивільним правом України. Вперше на науковому рівні проводиться дослідження повноваження представника та його реалізація за новим цивільним законодавством України. Основною метою дисертаційного дослідження є встановлення сутності та значення повноважень представника, а також з'ясування наявності й характеру впливу римсько-правових ідей у цій галузі для формування доктрини цивільного права у цій галузі та визначення перспектив розвитку вдосконалення правового регулювання відповідних відносин в Україні. Дослідження інституту представництва та категорії повноваження здійснено в історичному розвитку та в порівнянні підходів до їх визначення і класифікації в різних системах права. У дисертації послідовно досліджуються генезис інституту представництва, його цивільно-правова характеристика, співвідношення з іншими, подібними до них, правовими явищами. Проаналізовано особливості виникнення, здійснення та припинення повноважень. Сформульовано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення цивільного законодавства України.Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.03 - гражданское право и гражданский процесс; семейное право; международное частное право. - Одесская национальная юридическая академия, Одесса, 2005. Диссертационное исследование посвящено комплексному исследованию института представительства, категории “полномочия представителя” и его реализации в современном гражданском праве Украины. Актуальность темы диссертационного исследования обусловлена отсутствием теоретических исследований, предметом которых является не просто характеристика формирования и осуществления представительства, но и исследование такой категории, как полномочие представителя, последствия ненадлежащего представительства (с превышением пределов полномочий, без полномочий и т.д.), в особенности в современном гражданском праве Украины. В диссертации осуществлен анализ литературы, посвященной формированию и правовой природе представительства, а также категории полномочия представителя и его реализации. Сделан вывод о недостаточном уровне его комплексного исследования. При определении структуры и методологии исследования принят во внимание один из основных законов развития и существования права — его преемственность. Рассматривается институт представительства, особое внимание уделяется различным его классификациям. Анализируется терминологический аспект категории “полномочия” и основных его составляющих. В частности, предлагается использование иной категории —”представляемый”, что целесообразнее и логичнее в украинском языке. Подвергнуты анализу также существующие концепции представительства, сформированные в отечественном гражданском праве и нашедшие отражение в его законодательстве. Сделан вывод о новой, отличной от советской, концепции, появившейся в современном гражданском праве Украины после принятия Гражданского кодекса 2003 года. В диссертации осуществлен теоретический и научный анализ природы договора поручения, представительства без полномочий и с превышением пределов полномочий в контексте данного исследования. В работе отмечается, что важной новеллой гражданского законодательства Украины является урегулирование отношений, которые возникают вследствие деятельности лица в интересах другого лица без поручения последнего, с принятием именно древнеримской концепции указанного института, а не более поздней его трактовки романистами как “фактического представительства”. В выводах сформулированы наиболее существенные положения, полученные в результате диссертационного исследования, внесены предложения по усовершенствованию гражданского законодательства.Dissertation for the Candidate of Juridical Science Degree, specialty 12.00.03 — Civil Law and Civil Procedure, Family Law, International Private Law: - Odessa National Academy of Law, Odessa, 2005. The dissertation is a comprehensive research of the institute of representation and the category of authority under the Civil Law of Ukraine. The present research is the first attempt to study the representative's authority and its implementation under the new Civil Code of Ukraine. The purpose of this research is to identify the essence and Role of representation and reveal the influence of Roman Law on the Civil Law doctrine. The author outlines the prospects of changing the effective legislation for the improvement of legal regulation in Ukraine. Representation and authority are being investigated from the historical and comparative perspectives. The dissertation is a comprehensive research of the institute of representation in relation with other similar legal instruments. The author investigates the origin, implementation and termination of authority and formulates his recommendations for the improvement of the Civil Law of Ukraine

Art and Cultural Transformation

В статье рассматривается концепция искусства отечественного марксиста Г. В. Плеханова. Проанализированы способы минимизации кризисных состояний искусства в условиях перестройки основных инстит утов культуры. Показана значимость предлагаемых Г. В. Плехановым мер по сохранности академической традиционности искусства. Доказательно показано, что современная цифровизация культуры способна создавать новые возможности для развития форм искусства.The article deals with the concept of art of the Russian Marxist G. Plekhanov. The methods of minimizing the crisis States of art in the conditions of restructuring of the main cultural institutions are analyzed. The significance of the measures proposed by G. V. Plekhanov to preserve the academic tradition of art is shown. It is proved that the modern digitalization of culture can create new opportunities for the development of art forms

Stratigraphic and structural controls on the location of active methane seeps on Posolsky Bank, Lake Baikal

The distribution and origin of shallow gas seeps occurring at the crest of the Posolsky Bank in Lake Baikal have been studied based on the integration of detailed seismic, multibeam and hydro-acoustic water-column investigations. In total 65 acoustic flares, indicating gas-bubble release at the lake floor (seepage), have been detected within the 630 km² area of the Posolsky Bank. All seeps are located on the Posolsky Fault scarp near the crest of the Posolsky Bank or on similar locations in water depths of -43 m to -332 m. Lake Baikal is the only fresh-water basin in the world where gas hydrates have been inferred from BSRs on seismic data and have been sampled. Our seismic data also portray BSRs occurring up to water depths of -300 m, which is much shallower than the previously reported -500 m water depth. Calculations for hydrate stability, heat flow and topographic effect based on the BSR occurrence and multibeam bathymetry allowed the determination of a methane-ethane gas mixture and heat-flow values wherefore gas hydrates could be stable in the lake sediments at the given ambient conditions. None of the seeps associated with the Posolsky Bank have been detected within this newly established gas-hydrate stability zone. Our observations and data integration suggest that the seeps at the crest of Posolsky Bank occur where gas-bearing strata are cut off by the Posolsky Fault. These gas-bearing layers could be traced down the Posolsky Bank to below the base of the gas-hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ), suggesting that the detected seeps on the crest of the Posolsky Bank are mainly fed by gas coming from below the BGHSZ

Innovative Pedagogical Technologies: Innovation Pedagogy or a Revival of Traditions of National Model of Education and Socialization

В статье предпринята попытка определения причин «революции» в педагогических технологиях. Показана корреляция разработки и применения новых методов в процессе обучения с трансформацией основных характеристик общества. В рамках единства исторического и логического прослежена зависимость разработки новых педагогических моделей от традиций отечественной теоретической мысли по проблемам воспитания и обучения (на примере марксистской теории Г. В. Плеханова).The article attempts to determine the causes of the «revolution» in pedagogical technologies. The correlation of the development and application of new methods in the learning process with the transformation of the main characteristics of society is shown. Within the framework of the unity of historical and logical, the dependence of the development of new pedagogical models on the traditions of domestic theoretical thought on the problems of education and training (on the example of the Marxist theory of G. V. Plekhanov) is traced

Baikal mud volcanoes: thermal features of dynamic gas hydrate systems

In Lake Baikal shallow gas hydrates have already been identified in five mud volcano/seep structures through joint Russian, Japanese and Belgian research. These mud volcano/seep structures are found at different water depths (from 1380 m to as shallow as 440 m) and contain shallow hydrates of both structure I and II. Bottom Seismic Reflections (BSRs), indicative for the presence of deep-seated hydrates, has been observed on nearby seismic profiles. We will report on detailed thermal investigations in association with gravity coring performed over the last three years in the following gas hydrate containing mud volcanoes: “K-2”, “Malenkiy” and “Bolshoy”.The “K-2” mud volcano is located on the flanks of the Kukuy Canyon at a water depth of 900 m water depth. This oval structure of 60 m in height and 800 m in diameter consists of two separate mud volcanoes corresponding to two culminations. Sediment cores have been retrieved in more than 75 sites (15 contained hydrates), with temperature sensors attached to the corer in 22 occasions. Shallow hydrates were only found in two zones of not more 50-100 m diameter: on the top and between the two culminations. These zones also stand out by anomalous low (30-43 mK/m) and high (90-113 mK/m) thermal gradients in comparison to what is measured outside the mud volcano (60-70 mK/m). Cores with hydrates were directly correlated to low thermal gradient and large non-linearity in the temperature-depth profiles. This can be explained in three ways: (1) heat absorption by hydrate dissociation; (2) topographic effect combined with a dynamic hydrate system; and (3) infiltration of cold lake water, possibly induced by local convection and/or water segregation. The localized occurrence of hydrates within the mud volcanoes and a close relation to thermal anomalies was also observed in the mud volcanoes “Malenkiy” and “Bolshoy”, located at a water depth of about 1380m. More than 30 gravity cores in both structures indicate zones with shallow hydrates in local depressions and on culminations. Thermal stations show the presence of anomalous thermal gradients, up to 180 mK/m, at short distances of background values.The mud volcanoes in Lake Baikal do not display a strong activity in terms of acoustic flaring in the water column (almost absent) and large-scale temperature anomalies (< 1 °C). However, they comprise local shallow hydrate systems in close association with anomalous low and high thermal gradients. A dynamic nature of the hydrate system in “K-2” mud volcano has been supported by small shifts of the hydrate occurrence zone within the three year period of investigation

Changing nutrient cycling in Lake Baikal, the world's oldest lake

Lake Baikal, lying in a rift zone in southeastern Siberia, is the world's oldest, deepest, and most voluminous lake that began to form over 30 million years ago. Cited as the "most outstanding example of a freshwater ecosystem" and designated a World Heritage Site in 1996 due to its high level of endemicity, the lake and its ecosystem have become increasingly threatened by both climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. Here, we present a record of nutrient cycling in the lake, derived from the silicon isotope composition of diatoms, which dominate aquatic primary productivity. Using historical records from the region, we assess the extent to which natural and anthropogenic factors have altered biogeochemical cycling in the lake over the last 2,000 y. We show that rates of nutrient supply from deep waters to the photic zone have dramatically increased since the mid-19th century in response to changing wind dynamics, reduced ice cover, and their associated impact on limnological processes in the lake. With stressors linked to untreated sewage and catchment development also now impacting the near-shore region of Lake Baikal, the resilience of the lake's highly endemic ecosystem to ongoing and future disturbance is increasingly uncertain

An inventory of hydrate-related gas seeps in Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal in Siberia, one of the world’s largest rift lakes, is known to be the only fresh-water lake with gas hydrates in the subsurface. Seismic data clearly image the base of the hydrate layer in the Central and Southern Baikal Basins, at both sides of the Selenga delta. Gas seeps and short-lived mud volcanoes were discovered in Lake Baikal’s South Basin at places where the gas hydrate layer shows anomalous thickness variations, which was attributed to localized heat flow anomalies along active fault segments. The gas seeps were interpreted as the result of localized destabilization of gas hydrates by injected thermal water along fault segments; it is probably the inevitable consequence of gas hydrate accumulation in an active rift basin.New data from Lake Baikal’s Central basin, acquired during the summer of 2002, show that the four seeps in the South Basin are not isolated cases. More seeps were discovered, all situated in Baikal’s hydrate accumulation area, all near active fault segments, and all associated with anomalous thickness variations of the underlying hydrate layer. This poster gives an overview of the occurrence of gas seeps in Lake Baikal in relation with thickness anomalies of the gas hydrate layer. The gas seeps in Lake Baikal were found in three areas: 1. Posolsky fault area. Four methane seeps were encountered in the footwall of a small antithetic fault of the Posolsky fault zone. The seeps occur as blow-out craters and conical mud volcanoes. 2. Olkhon fault splay area. Two gas seeps, St.Petersburg and Novosibirsk, were discovered in 2002 at the footwall of a splay of the large Olkhon border fault. The seeps appear to be conical mud volcanoes. 3. The Kukuyu canyon area. The Kukuyu canyon is a large, probably fault-related, canyon, at the northern slope of the Selenga delta. Gas seeps are documented on side scan sonar data and subbottom acoustic profiles.The newly discovered seeps support the interpretation that gas seeps and mud volcanoes in Lake Baikal are caused by the localized dissociation of gas hydrates by thermal input at the base of the hydrate layer. Seepage is probably intense but short-lived, and sometimes accompanied by mud extrusion at the lake floor. They are a rare example where hydrates are the source for intense methane venting, and not vice versa

Mud volcanism and gas seeps in Lake Baikal: causes and consequences

After the discovery in 1999 of a series of mud volcanoes on the deep basin floors of Lake Baikal and of the presence of an anomalous thermally-mixed water layer attributed to methane venting, the lake floor was investigated in more detail in order to identify all possible sources of methane and to understand the processes leading to mud volcanism and methane release at the Baikal lake floor. New data show the presence of at least 4 mud volcano provinces, each consisting of several individual mud volcano structures, and of several areas of gas venting. All mud volcanoes occur in water depths of > 1000 m, within the GHSZ and in areas of abnormally shallow BSR, and are closely associated to large, active faults. They are attributed to hydrate destabilisation at the base of the GHSZ under the influence of a geothermal fluid pulse along the nearby fault. Methane release is not continuous (probably tectonically controlled; most mud volcanous are not active at present) and the source of methane is destabilising gas hydrates at 200-300 m subbottom depth. In addition, a whole series of methane vents (i.e. without distinct morphological expression) occur in shallower-water areas. These venting sites occur mostly in deltaic environments, but some are also associated with faults, and are always outside the GHSZ. Methane release appears to be more continuous (many are now active) and the source of the methane is probably shallow subsurface methane formed by the decomposition of organic matter, although deeper sources can not be excluded.Consequences of methane venting for the waters of Lake Baikal are the presence of a thermally-mixed water layer, wich could (if persisting and increasing in thickness) lead to a permanent stratification of the water column. This could influence the water mixing process and have major influences on the oxygenation of the lake and the benthic biota. In addition, increasing evidence is becoming available that some of these seeps may influence the water column (directly, or via associated temperature-driven circulation effects) up to the surface, causing localised melting or non-freezing of the winter-ice cover and even massive fish deaths. Measurements of surface-water and near-surface air methane concentrations are currently underway. The influence of the methane seeps (up to a few years not even suspected in the largest lake on Earth) on the entire lake system may thus be extremely important