Art and Cultural Transformation

В статье рассматривается концепция искусства отечественного марксиста Г. В. Плеханова. Проанализированы способы минимизации кризисных состояний искусства в условиях перестройки основных инстит утов культуры. Показана значимость предлагаемых Г. В. Плехановым мер по сохранности академической традиционности искусства. Доказательно показано, что современная цифровизация культуры способна создавать новые возможности для развития форм искусства.The article deals with the concept of art of the Russian Marxist G. Plekhanov. The methods of minimizing the crisis States of art in the conditions of restructuring of the main cultural institutions are analyzed. The significance of the measures proposed by G. V. Plekhanov to preserve the academic tradition of art is shown. It is proved that the modern digitalization of culture can create new opportunities for the development of art forms

Stratigraphic and structural controls on the location of active methane seeps on Posolsky Bank, Lake Baikal

The distribution and origin of shallow gas seeps occurring at the crest of the Posolsky Bank in Lake Baikal have been studied based on the integration of detailed seismic, multibeam and hydro-acoustic water-column investigations. In total 65 acoustic flares, indicating gas-bubble release at the lake floor (seepage), have been detected within the 630 km² area of the Posolsky Bank. All seeps are located on the Posolsky Fault scarp near the crest of the Posolsky Bank or on similar locations in water depths of -43 m to -332 m. Lake Baikal is the only fresh-water basin in the world where gas hydrates have been inferred from BSRs on seismic data and have been sampled. Our seismic data also portray BSRs occurring up to water depths of -300 m, which is much shallower than the previously reported -500 m water depth. Calculations for hydrate stability, heat flow and topographic effect based on the BSR occurrence and multibeam bathymetry allowed the determination of a methane-ethane gas mixture and heat-flow values wherefore gas hydrates could be stable in the lake sediments at the given ambient conditions. None of the seeps associated with the Posolsky Bank have been detected within this newly established gas-hydrate stability zone. Our observations and data integration suggest that the seeps at the crest of Posolsky Bank occur where gas-bearing strata are cut off by the Posolsky Fault. These gas-bearing layers could be traced down the Posolsky Bank to below the base of the gas-hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ), suggesting that the detected seeps on the crest of the Posolsky Bank are mainly fed by gas coming from below the BGHSZ

Innovative Pedagogical Technologies: Innovation Pedagogy or a Revival of Traditions of National Model of Education and Socialization

В статье предпринята попытка определения причин «революции» в педагогических технологиях. Показана корреляция разработки и применения новых методов в процессе обучения с трансформацией основных характеристик общества. В рамках единства исторического и логического прослежена зависимость разработки новых педагогических моделей от традиций отечественной теоретической мысли по проблемам воспитания и обучения (на примере марксистской теории Г. В. Плеханова).The article attempts to determine the causes of the «revolution» in pedagogical technologies. The correlation of the development and application of new methods in the learning process with the transformation of the main characteristics of society is shown. Within the framework of the unity of historical and logical, the dependence of the development of new pedagogical models on the traditions of domestic theoretical thought on the problems of education and training (on the example of the Marxist theory of G. V. Plekhanov) is traced

Changing nutrient cycling in Lake Baikal, the world's oldest lake

Lake Baikal, lying in a rift zone in southeastern Siberia, is the world's oldest, deepest, and most voluminous lake that began to form over 30 million years ago. Cited as the "most outstanding example of a freshwater ecosystem" and designated a World Heritage Site in 1996 due to its high level of endemicity, the lake and its ecosystem have become increasingly threatened by both climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. Here, we present a record of nutrient cycling in the lake, derived from the silicon isotope composition of diatoms, which dominate aquatic primary productivity. Using historical records from the region, we assess the extent to which natural and anthropogenic factors have altered biogeochemical cycling in the lake over the last 2,000 y. We show that rates of nutrient supply from deep waters to the photic zone have dramatically increased since the mid-19th century in response to changing wind dynamics, reduced ice cover, and their associated impact on limnological processes in the lake. With stressors linked to untreated sewage and catchment development also now impacting the near-shore region of Lake Baikal, the resilience of the lake's highly endemic ecosystem to ongoing and future disturbance is increasingly uncertain

Mud volcanism and gas seeps in Lake Baikal: causes and consequences

After the discovery in 1999 of a series of mud volcanoes on the deep basin floors of Lake Baikal and of the presence of an anomalous thermally-mixed water layer attributed to methane venting, the lake floor was investigated in more detail in order to identify all possible sources of methane and to understand the processes leading to mud volcanism and methane release at the Baikal lake floor. New data show the presence of at least 4 mud volcano provinces, each consisting of several individual mud volcano structures, and of several areas of gas venting. All mud volcanoes occur in water depths of > 1000 m, within the GHSZ and in areas of abnormally shallow BSR, and are closely associated to large, active faults. They are attributed to hydrate destabilisation at the base of the GHSZ under the influence of a geothermal fluid pulse along the nearby fault. Methane release is not continuous (probably tectonically controlled; most mud volcanous are not active at present) and the source of methane is destabilising gas hydrates at 200-300 m subbottom depth. In addition, a whole series of methane vents (i.e. without distinct morphological expression) occur in shallower-water areas. These venting sites occur mostly in deltaic environments, but some are also associated with faults, and are always outside the GHSZ. Methane release appears to be more continuous (many are now active) and the source of the methane is probably shallow subsurface methane formed by the decomposition of organic matter, although deeper sources can not be excluded.Consequences of methane venting for the waters of Lake Baikal are the presence of a thermally-mixed water layer, wich could (if persisting and increasing in thickness) lead to a permanent stratification of the water column. This could influence the water mixing process and have major influences on the oxygenation of the lake and the benthic biota. In addition, increasing evidence is becoming available that some of these seeps may influence the water column (directly, or via associated temperature-driven circulation effects) up to the surface, causing localised melting or non-freezing of the winter-ice cover and even massive fish deaths. Measurements of surface-water and near-surface air methane concentrations are currently underway. The influence of the methane seeps (up to a few years not even suspected in the largest lake on Earth) on the entire lake system may thus be extremely important