Nutritional behaviour and beliefs of ski-mountaineers: a semi-quantitative and qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Endurance athletes are advised to optimize nutrition prior to races. Little is known about actual athletes' beliefs, knowledge and nutritional behaviour. We monitored nutritional behaviour of amateur ski-mountaineering athletes during 4 days prior to a major competition to compare it with official recommendations and with the athletes' beliefs. METHODS: Participants to the two routes of the 'Patrouille des Glaciers' were recruited (A, 26 km, ascent 1881 m, descent 2341 m, max altitude 3160 m; Z, 53 km, ascent 3994 m, descent 4090 m, max altitude 3650 m). Dietary intake diaries of 40 athletes (21 A, 19 Z) were analysed for energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein and liquid; ten were interviewed about their pre-race nutritional beliefs and behaviour. RESULTS: Despite belief that pre-race carbohydrate, energy and fluid intake should be increased, energy consumption was 2416 ± 696 (mean ± SD) kcal · day(-1), 83 ± 17% of recommended intake, carbohydrate intake was only 46 ± 13% of minimal recommended (10 g · kg(-1) · day(-1)) and fluid intake only 2.7 ± 1.0 l · day(-1). CONCLUSIONS: Our sample of endurance athletes did not comply with pre-race nutritional recommendations despite elementary knowledge and belief to be compliant. In these athletes a clear and reflective nutritional strategy was lacking. This suggests a potential for improving knowledge and compliance with recommendations. Alternatively, some recommendations may be unrealistic

Les Fabliaux, par M. Joseph Bêdier, 1894

Des Granges Ch.-M. Les Fabliaux, par M. Joseph Bêdier, 1894. In: Romania, tome 24 n°93, 1895. pp. 135-142

Les Fabliaux, par M. Joseph Bêdier, 1894

Des Granges Ch.-M. Les Fabliaux, par M. Joseph Bêdier, 1894. In: Romania, tome 24 n°93, 1895. pp. 135-142

Jean Lemaire. Der erste humanistische Dichter Frankreichs, von Ph. Aug. Becker, 1892

Des Granges Ch.-M. Jean Lemaire. Der erste humanistische Dichter Frankreichs, von Ph. Aug. Becker, 1892. In: Romania, tome 22 n°88, 1893. pp. 601-603

Produção de repolho branco chinês (pak choi) sob proteção com "não tecido" de polipropileno Yield of pak choi crop under non woven polypropylene

O cultivo do repolho branco chinês (pak choi) (Brassica campestris var. chinensis) foi avaliado nas condições de inverno dos Campos Gerais (PR), sob proteção, com "não tecido" de polipropileno branco, também conhecido como agrotêxtil, nas gramaturas de 17 e 25 g/m², comparado com o cultivo sem proteção. Os híbridos usados foram Canton e Chouyou com semeadura em bandejas de poliestireno expandido em 11/05/00 e transplante no estádio de 4-5 folhas definitivas, em 23/06/00. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com 5 repetições, tendo os tratamentos seguido esquema fatorial 3x2. Cada parcela teve 36 plantas distribuídas no espaçamento 0,30 x 0,30m. Após o transplante, nas parcelas respectivas, as plantas foram cobertas com o agrotêxtil como uma manta flutuante. As avaliações na colheita, realizada de acordo com a maturidade das plantas foram: número de folhas, altura da parte aérea, diâmetro da base, peso de matéria fresca e matéria seca de plantas. A porcentagem de plantas com florescimento prematuro foi avaliada aos 51 dias. No cultivo sem proteção, as plantas do híbrido Canton foram prejudicadas pela geada, apresentando os bordos foliares totalmente queimados, enquanto o híbrido Chouyou não teve nenhum sintoma visual de dano por geada. O agrotêxtil protegeu as plantas contra a geada e contribuiu para o desenvolvimento mais rápido das plantas, possibilitando colheita precoce aos 38 dias do transplante quando usou-se gramatura de 25 g/m² e aos 42 dias na de 17 g/m². No cultivo sem proteção, a colheita ocorreu somente aos 46 dias. Entre os híbridos, Canton foi mais precoce que Chouyou. No entanto, Canton foi suscetível ao florescimento prematuro na estação de inverno, apresentando algumas plantas com esta ocorrência aos 36 dias do transplante. A proteção com polipropileno promoveu a produção de plantas com qualidade superior do produto observada através das características de maior peso de matéria fresca e matéria seca, diâmetro da base da planta e altura da parte aérea, quando comparada com o cultivo sem proteção. Entre as gramaturas testadas, destacou-se a de 25 g/m², no híbrido Canton, na característica de precocidade da colheita nas condições de inverno dos Campos Gerais.<br>Yield of chinese white cabbage (pak choi) (jBrassica campestris var. chinensis), hybrids Canton and Chouyou were evaluated under 17 and 25 g/m-2 of non woven white polypropylene in winter, compared to open field at Campos Gerais, Brazil. Sowing date was in March, 11th and plants were transplanted to the field at the stage of 4 - 5 leaves in june, 23rd. A randomized block experimental design was used with five replications in a factorial scheme 3x2. Non woven polypropylene was used as row cover after transplanting. At the harvest according to plant maturity, the number of leaves, plant height, diameter of plant basis, plant fresh weight and dry matter were evaluated. The percentage of plants with bolting was evaluated at 51 days after transplanting. Under field conditions, plants from hybrid Canton were damaged showing the leaf extremity entirely nipped by frost but the hybrid Chouyou was resistant. Non woven protected the plants against frost and promoted a faster plant development and early crop at 38 days after transplanting with the use of a grid of 25 g/m-2, at 42 days with 17 g/m-2. Under open field conditions harvest was made only after 46 days. The superior quality under non woven when compared to open field conditions was observed with the characteristics of higher plant fresh weight, dry matter of plants, number of leaves, plant height and diameter of plant basis. Between both hybrids taken into account at the current study Canton was more precocious than Chouyou; however Canton initiated bolting at 36 days after transplanting. Non woven with a grid of 25 g/m-2, compared to that one of 17 g/m-2 was superior to hybrid Canton for the characteristic of earliness at the winter season in Campos Gerais, Paraná State, Brazil