49 research outputs found

    Italian guidelines for primary headaches: 2012 revised version

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    The first edition of the Italian diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for primary headaches in adults was published in J Headache Pain 2(Suppl. 1):105–190 (2001). Ten years later, the guideline committee of the Italian Society for the Study of Headaches (SISC) decided it was time to update therapeutic guidelines. A literature search was carried out on Medline database, and all articles on primary headache treatments in English, German, French and Italian published from February 2001 to December 2011 were taken into account. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses were analysed for each drug. If RCT were lacking, open studies and case series were also examined. According to the previous edition, four levels of recommendation were defined on the basis of levels of evidence, scientific strength of evidence and clinical effectiveness. Recommendations for symptomatic and prophylactic treatment of migraine and cluster headache were therefore revised with respect to previous 2001 guidelines and a section was dedicated to non-pharmacological treatment. This article reports a summary of the revised version published in extenso in an Italian version

    Central cardiovascular responses induced by interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha infused into nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus parabrachialis medialis and third cerebral ventricle of normotensive rats

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    The effect of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha infused into nucleus tractus solitari (NTS), nucleus parabrachialis medialis (NPBmed) and third cerebral ventricle of normotensive rats on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) was investigated. Microinfusion of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha into the third cerebral ventricle and NPBmed of normotensive rats produced a dose-dependent hypotensive and bradycardic response. A similar cardiovascular response was produced by infusion of IL1 beta into NTS but not by TNF alpha. When rats were pre-treated with Escherichia coli lipopolisaccharide (LPS), an enhancement of cardiovascular response elicited by IL-1 beta and TNF alpha was found. Thus, IL-1 beta and TNF alpha produce cardiovascular responses when infused into specific areas of the CNS. This effect is potentiated by LPS and this may explain the alteration in cardiovascular regulation which can be observed in diseases in which an excess of circulating endotoxins and cytokines may occur

    The role of oxidative stress in paraquat-induced neurotoxicity in rats: protection by non peptidyl superoxide dismutase mimetic

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    Herbicides, including paraquat, may produce neurodegenerative effect when given both peripherally and into the brain though the pathophysiological mechanism is still unknown. Microinfusion of paraquat into the Substantia Nigra (50 microg) produced increased motor activity, jumping and circling opposite to the injection site, associated with ECoG desynchronization, high voltage epileptogenic spikes, and with neuropathological effects. These effects were accompanied by increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the Substantia Nigra, suggesting that paraquat was able to induce oxidative stress when injected directly into the rat brain. Pre-treatment of rats with M40401, a non peptidyl superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic given directly into the Substantia Nigra or i.p. prevented both behavioural, electrocorticogram and neuropathological effects and MDA elevation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that paraquat produces brain damage via abnormal formation of oxygen free radicals and that this effect may be counteracted by novel SOD mimetics

    The Use of Qualitative Analysis in Food Research and Technology: Considerations and Reflections from an Applied Point of View

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    The application of qualitative analytical techniques is usually associated with the analysis of data sets targeting issues related with the presence or absence of a particular class or type of sample, pattern recognition and cluster analysis. In food sciences, these techniques are generally used to deal with the authenticity, classification, discrimination, fraud and origin of foods. In recent years, qualitative analysis became more relevant in both food research and industry applications, addressing fraud and traceability concerns in the food value chain. In this overview, some of the most common classification methods and techniques used in food sciences will be briefly described, with emphasis on the validation, interpretation and reporting of the results obtained

    The contribution of oxidative stress in apoptosis of human-cultured astroglial cells induced by supernatants of HIV-1-infected macrophages

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    Apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes has been found in patients undergoing AIDS dementia complex. We demonstrated that supernatants from human primary macrophages (M/M) infected by HIV-1 lead human astroglial cells to oxidative stress, as shown by elevated levels of malondialdehyde, and then to apoptosis. Electron microscopy of astrocytes shortly incubated with HIV-1-infected M/M supernatants showed apoptotic blebbing, cytoplasmic loss, and chromatin condensation. Apoptosis was antagonized by pretreating astrocytes with the nonpeptidic superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic M40401 but not with anti-HIV-1 compounds, thus showing that apoptosis of astrocytes driven by HIV-1-infected M/M supernatants is mainly mediated by abnormal production of superoxide anions without relationship to HIV-1 replication in such cells. Overall results support the role of oxidative stress mediated by HIV-1-infected M/M as one of the leading causes of neurodegeneration in patients with HIV-1 and suggest the use of nonpeptidic SOD mimetics to counteract HIV-1-related neurological disorders

    Análise da respiração mitocondrial em tecido cerebral de gato após isquemia e reperfusão Analysis of mitochondrial respiration in brain cerebral tissue of cats after ischemia and reperfusion

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    INTRODUÇÃO: A isquemia cerebral é uma doença freqüente e de difícil tratamento médico. De particular interesse neurocirúrgico são as situações de vasoespasmo após hemorragia subaracnóidea, de oclusão temporária de vasos nas neurocirurgias e de tromboses de artérias intracranianas. A lesão cerebral resultante da isquemia depende da sua duração e pode ser agravada pela reperfusão do território isquêmico. Vários estudos clínicos e experimentais têm sido realizados para melhor entender esses fenômenos. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho visou a avaliação precoce dos efeitos da isquemia focal seguida da reperfusão no cérebro de gatos. MÉTODOS: A isquemia cerebral foi provocada por clipagem temporária da artéria cerebral média por tempos determinados com reperfusão durante 10 minutos, e avaliação foi efetuada através da análise da respiração mitocondrial no tecido isquemiado. Resultados - Houve redução significativa no consumo de O2 nas amostras de tecido cerebral isquemiado por 60 minutos, seguidos de 10 minutos de reperfusão, quando comparadas ao tecido cerebral contralateral (não isquemiado). CONCLUSÕES: Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o tempo de duração da isquemia foi um fator determinante na alteração da respiração mitocondrial de gatos submetidos à isquemia e reperfusão de curta duração (alterações significativas apenas após 60 minutos de isquemia seguidos de 10 de reperfusão).<br>OBJECTIVE: Brain ischemia is considered a disease difficult to be treated. Despite many other clinical situations, of particular interest for neurosurgery is its occurrence in cerebral vasoespam following subarachnoid hemorrhage, in temporary occlusion of intracranial vessels during neurosurgeries and, in intracranial arterial thrombosis. The cerebral lesion caused by isquemia is time-related and it can aggravated by the reperfusion of the ischemic site. Many clinical and experimental studies have been perfomed aiming the better understanding of these phenomena. This study aimed to analyse the precocious effects of focal isquemia and reperfusion uppon the brain of cats. METHODS: Focal brain ischemia was performed by temporary clipping of the middle cerebral artery for determined times followed by reperfusion during 10 minutes. The effects of isquemia were assessed through mitochondrial respiration analysis in the ischemic tissue. RESULTS: The results showed a significant decrease in O2 consumption in samples of brain tissue submitted to 60 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion when compared with not ischemic brain tissue, indicating compromising of the mitocondrial function. CONCLUSION: Based on the results we can conclude that time of ischemia was a determinant factor in the mitochondrial respiration alterations in brain tissue of cats submitted to ischemia and reperfusion of short duration (significant alterations observed only after 60 minutes of ischemia followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion)
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