Occurrence of the urban heat island in Bielsko-Biała based on spatial distribution of air temperatures

W artykule przedstawiono problematykę występowania miejskiej wyspy ciepła. Zjawisko to zaobserwowano dla obszaru Bielska-Białej na podstawie danych rozkładu przestrzennego temperatur powietrza uzyskanych w 2015 roku. Do realizacji zaplanowanych badań wykonano mapy rozkładu przestrzennego temperatur powietrza – uśrednionych dla roku, jak również dla okresu letniego i zimowego. Dodatkowo, dla wybranych dzielnic Bielska-Białej rozpoznano występowanie termicznych typów pogody, a także określono czas trwania termicznych pór roku. W wyniku przeprowadzonych prac stwierdzono zróżnicowanie temperatur powietrza (dochodzące do 3,4°C) na badanym obszarze w skali roku. Potwierdzono ponadto zróżnicowanie czasu trwania termicznych typów pogody i termicznych pór roku. Uzyskane dane umożliwiły określenie obszaru występowania miejskiej wyspy ciepła.The article presents the problem of the occurrence of an urban heat island. This phenomenon was observed for the Bielsko-Biała area on the basis of data on spatial distribution of air temperatures obtained in 2015. To carry out the planned research, maps of spatial distribution of air temperatures – averaged over the year, as well as for the summer and winter period – were made. Additionally, for selected districts of Bielsko-Biała the occurrence of thermal weather types was recognized and the duration of thermal seasons was determined. As a result of the works carried out, air temperature differences (reaching 3.4°C) were found in the studied area on an annual scale. Moreover, the differentiation in duration of thermal weather types and thermal seasons was confirmed. The data obtained made itpossible to determine the area of the urban heat island

Review of Assembly Sequence Planning Methods in Terms of Their Applicability in Shipbuilding Processes

The article characterises the sea-going vessel hull assembly processes and then reviews the existing assembly methods of mechanisms and welded ship structures. Classification of these methods is done with respect to selected criteria of their applicability to hull assembly. Selected methods are used for calculations performed on a model structure and exemplary database. The analysed aspects include the performance of calculation algorithms and the quality of the obtained solutions. Particular attention is paid to the need for reduction of experts’ participation in the planning process due to strong search space explosion effect. The performed analyses have enabled the authors to formulate assumptions for models which would be applicable in real assembly planning in shipyards, as well as to indicate areas of further research which would make it possible to better consider the specificity of production of large-size welded structures

Assessment of Technological Usefulness of Panel Production Line in Shipbuilding Process

This paper presents assessment of technological usefulness of panel production line in prefabrication process of large ship hull sections, in which special attention is paid to producibility of welding operations. Basing on the assessment these authors worked out hierarchy of analyzed sequences of welding technological processes as well as production line stands used for the processes. The assessment was performed on the basis of analysis of a concept of panel production line based on real production lines functioning in shipbuilding industry, as well as technical documentation of typical hull sections of a multi-purpose ferry. The presented analysis took into account impact of technological - constructional parameters onto producibility of welding process of prefabricated sections. Among these parameters the following were numbered: mass of the sections and number of their elements, total length of welds, labour consumption, material consumption as well as linear heat input in welding operations. On the basis of the achieved results, places which worsen effectiveness of production line operation were identified, as a result it was possible to formulate proposals for modernization of flow prefabrication line for hull sections

Nanocomposite Cellulose Fibres Doped with Graphene Oxide and Their Biocidal Properties

The paper presents a method of obtaining composite cellulose fibres (CEL) doped with graphene oxide (GO) and the influence of GO nanoparticles on the structure and properties of the obtained fibres. Composite fibres (GO/CEL) were prepared using wet method from 5% CEL solutions in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) containing GO (0; 0.21; 0.50; 0.98; 1.97% w/w) dispersion in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The fibres were coagulated in distilled water and methanol. Optical microscopy allowed us to demonstrate a good degree of GO additive dispersion in the CEL matrix. Surface morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which indicated interactions between the matrix and the additive. Strength tests have shown that GO/CEL fibres are characterised by high values of elongation at break (7.7–19.5%) and tenacity (~133–287 [MPa]). The obtained composite fibres are characterized by good biocidal properties against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphilococcus aureus), and fungi Candida albicans, and the resistance to microorganisms depends on the surface zeta potential value and the isoelectric point (IEP) of GO/CEL fibres

High-Impact Polystyrene Reinforced with Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Filament for Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printing

Graphene and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO), due to their properties, have been enjoying great interest for over two decades, particularly in the context of additive manufacturing (AM) applications in recent years. High-impact polystyrene (HIPS) is a polymer used in 3D printing technology due to its high dimensional stability, low cost, and ease of processing. However, the ongoing development of AM creates the need to produce modern feedstock materials with better properties and functionality. This can be achieved by introducing reduced graphene oxide into the polymer matrix. In this study, printable composite filaments were prepared and characterized in terms of morphology and thermal and mechanical properties. Among the obtained HIPS/rGO composites, the filament containing 0.5 wt% of reduced graphene oxide had the best mechanical properties. Its tensile strength increased from 19.84 to 22.45 MPa, for pure HIPS and HIPS-0.5, respectively. Furthermore, when using the HIPS-0.5 filament in the printing process, no clogging of the nozzle was observed, which may indicate good dispersion of the rGO in the polymer matrix

Selected prebiotics and synbiotics administered in ovo can modify innate immunity in chicken broilers

Abstract Background A previous study showed that prebiotics and synbiotics administered in ovo into the egg air cell on the 12th day of incubation enhance the growth and development of chickens. However, the influence of this procedure on the development and efficiency of the innate immune system of broiler chickens is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the early (on the 12th day of embryo development) in ovo administration of selected prebiotics (inulin − Pre1 and Bi2tos − Pre2) and synbiotics (inulin + Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IBB SL1 − Syn1 and Bi2tos + L. lactis subsp. cremoris IBB SC1 − Syn2) influences the innate immune system. Results Chickens (broiler, Ross 308) that were treated with Pre1 exhibited a decreased H/L ratio on D7, but an increased H/L ratio was observed on D21 and D35. In the remaining experimental groups, an increase in the H/L ratio was observed on D21 and D35. The oxidative potential of leukocytes measured using the NBT test increased on D21 in Pre2 and Syn1 groups. The rate of the phagocytic ability of leukocytes increased in Pre1 and Syn1 groups on D21. The phagocytic index decreased in Pre1 and Syn2 groups on D21 and D35. Concurrently, the count of WBC in circulating blood decreased on D21 in Pre1, Pre2, and Syn1 groups. The hematocrit value was increased in Syn1 chickens on D21, in Pre1 chickens on D35, and in Syn2 chickens on both time points. Conclusions Early in ovo treatment of chicken embryos with prebiotics and synbiotics may temporarily modulate not only the production/maturation of leukocytes but also their reactivity

Impact of Prebiotics and Synbiotics Administered in ovo on the Immune Response against Experimental Antigens in Chicken Broilers

The effect of the in ovo application of selected prebiotics and synbiotics on the humoral immune response against T-dependent (SRBC) and T-independent (dextran) antigens and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to phytohemagglutinin was studied. On the 12th day of incubation, 800 eggs (Ross 308) were divided into five groups and injected into the egg air chamber with prebiotic inulin (Pre1), Bi2tos (Pre2), a synbiotic composed of inulin and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IBB SL1 (Syn1), a synbiotic composed of Bi2tos and L. lactis subsp. cremoris IBB SC1 (Syn2), and physiological saline (control group; C). The chickens were immunized twice at the 7th and 21st day of life with SRBC and dextran. A DTH test was performed on the 7th, 21st, and 35th day. The application of prebiotics and synbiotics had no significant effect on the humoral immune response. SRBC-immunized in ovo Pre1- and Pre2-treated chickens showed significantly higher serum IgG levels than the control. A significant effect on the DTH reaction was detected on the 7th (Pre1 < C) and 21st (Pre2 > Syn2) day. However; Bi2tos may transiently stimulate the cellular immune response on the 21st day. It may be concluded that the application of inulin in an egg air chamber on the 12th day of incubation may stimulate the secondary immune response. The inulin-treated group exhibited a lower mortality rate than the control group