15 research outputs found
Intravesical Treatments of Bladder Cancer: Review
For bladder cancer, intravesical chemo/immunotherapy is widely used as adjuvant therapies after surgical transurethal resection, while systemic therapy is typically reserved for higher stage, muscle-invading, or metastatic diseases. The goal of intravesical therapy is to eradicate existing or residual tumors through direct cytoablation or immunostimulation. The unique properties of the urinary bladder render it a fertile ground for evaluating additional novel experimental approaches to regional therapy, including iontophoresis/electrophoresis, local hyperthermia, co-administration of permeation enhancers, bioadhesive carriers, magnetic-targeted particles and gene therapy. Furthermore, due to its unique anatomical properties, the drug concentration-time profiles in various layers of bladder tissues during and after intravesical therapy can be described by mathematical models comprised of drug disposition and transport kinetic parameters. The drug delivery data, in turn, can be combined with the effective drug exposure to infer treatment efficacy and thereby assists the selection of optimal regimens. To our knowledge, intravesical therapy of bladder cancer represents the first example where computational pharmacological approach was used to design, and successfully predicted the outcome of, a randomized phase III trial (using mitomycin C). This review summarizes the pharmacological principles and the current status of intravesical therapy, and the application of computation to optimize the drug delivery to target sites and the treatment efficacy
Humanities for the Future: a new European Agenda
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Pharmacokinetics and immunomodulatory effects of phytotherapeutic lozenges (bonbons) withEchinacea purpurea extract
The relative bioavailability of the major alkamides, dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides, from
Echinacea purpurea phytotherapeutic lozenges at three different dose levels (0.07, 0.21 and 0.9 mg) was evaluated in a
pharmacokinetic study in humans and the possible effects on the immunological system were measured. Alkamides
were found to be rapidly absorbed and measurable in plasma 10 min after administration of 0.21 and 0.9 mg lozenges
and remained detectable for 3 h for the 0.21 mg lozenges and for more then 3 h for the 0.9 mg lozenges; 0.07 mg
lozenges were measurable 20 min after administration and remained detectable for only 2 h after the administration.
A significant dose-independent down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12p70, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10 and
TNF was observed 24 h after oral administration. The results of non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis
revealed that a Cmax of (0.6570.41 ng/ml) was reached at 32 min with the 0.07 mg lozenges, (1.0070.21 ng/ml) at
25 min with the 0.21 mg lozenges and (8.8875.89 ng/ml) at 19 with the 0.9 mg lozenges. As evidenced by the doseexposure
relationship, no significant departure from dose proportionality was observed, indicating linearity in
pharmacokinetics. To get a further insight in pharmacokinetics of dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic isobutylamides
a compartmental population pharmacokinetic model was developed applying mixed effect modelling procedure. The
results demonstrate that within the dose range studied pharmacokinetics of dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic
isobutylamides are linear and that absorption is very rapid (t1/2 \ubc 6 min) with apparently no lag time, thus indicating
the possibility that a fraction of the drug is absorbed through the oral mucosa
Pharmacokinetics and immunomodulatory effects of phytotherapeutic lozenges (bonbons) with Echinacea purpurea extract
Formulation Study of Intravesical Oxybutynin Instillation Solution with Enhanced Retention in Bladder
Prolonged prostaglandin E1 therapy in a neonate with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect and the development of antral foveolar hyperplasia and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Px, a hybrid between the serologically unrelated and heteroimmuneSalmonella bacteriophages P22 and Py
Humanities for the Future: a new European Agenda
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