Study on Efficacy of Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC against Blast and Sheath Blight Diseases of Paddy Crop

Rice diseases are considered the main constraint in rice production and cause both qualitative and quantitative losses. Blast and sheath blight diseases are major constrain of rice production reported to cause extensive damage in crop production. The following experiment was conducted to know the efficacy of Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC in different doses against blast (Pyricularia oryzae) and sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) of paddy crop with 7 treatments and replicated three times in RBD design at ARS, Gangavati during Kharif 2021-22 and Kharif 2022-23 cropping season. In kharif 2021, at 10 days after second spray, the leaf blast of 17.10 and 18.45 PDI was recorded with Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 90+90 g a.i./ha and Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 80+80 g a.i./ha respectively. During summer 2022, at 10 days after second spray, Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 90+90 g a.i./ha recorded the lowest PDI of 12.75 and untreated control recorded the highest PDI (43.50%). In kharif 2021, at 10 days after second spray, Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 90+90 g a.i./ha and Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 80+80 g a.i./ha were effective in reducing the panicle blast with minimum PDI of 3.00 and 3.50, respectively. Whereas, the maximum PDI of 23.50 was observed in untreated control. In summer 2022, lowest per cent panicle blast was recorded in Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 90+90 g a.i./ha (1.50 PDI) and Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 80+80 g a.i./ha (2.00 PDI). In kharif 2021, at 10 days after second spray, Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 90+90 g a.i./ha and 80+80 g a.i./ha recorded lowest sheath blight PDI of 17.95 and 19.75, respectively. Similarly, during summer 2022, at 10 days after second spray lowest sheath blight of 11.75 PDI was recorded from Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 90+90 g a.i./ha. During kharif 2022, Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 90+90 g a.i./ha and Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 80+80 g a.i./ha were recorded highest yield of 55.62 and 53.25 q/ha respectively as against 38.84 q/ha in untreated control. During summer 2022, Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 90+90 g a.i./ha and Pyraclostrobin 10% + Thifluzamide 10% SC @ 80+80 g a.i./ha recorded highest yield of 58.20 q/ha and 57.50 q/ha respectively as against 40.40 q/ha in untreated control

Efficacy of Fungicides and Commercially Available Organic Products against Blight of Cotton Caused by Alternaria macrospora

An attempt was made to test available formulation of fungicides and commercially available organic products for their efficacy under laboratory condition, an experiment was carried out at Department of Plant pathology, Raichur, Karnataka, India by using poison food technique. Among the commercially available organic products tested, fatty alcohol and diluents has recorded significantly higher mycelial inhibition of 100 per cent at the concentration of 5 and 10 per cent. In case of contact fungicides propineb 70% WP, metiram 70% WP and mancozeb 75 % WP recorded 100 per cent mycelial inhibition, with respect to systemic fungicides hexaconazole 5% EC, propiconazole 25% EC and difenoconazole 25% WP and among the combi fungicides azoxystrobin 8.3% + mancozeb 66.7% WG were most effective in 100 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth of Alternaria macrospora over the control. The commercially available organic product fatty alcohol and diluents, propineb 70% WP, hexaconazole 5% EC, propiconazole 25% EC and azoxystrobin 8.3% + mancozeb 66.7 % WG were found to be effective against inhibition of mycelial growth of Alternaria macrospora

Morphological study of the placenta in deliveries with pre-eclampsia: Results from a prospective, observational study in India and Pakistan (PURPOSe)

Objective: To compare placental findings in women with and without pre-eclampsia. Design: The PURPOSe study included women with stillbirths, women with preterm births and women at term as controls. The placenta of each case was evaluated using the Amsterdam criteria. Setting: Two sites and five tertiary care hospitals of south Asia (Three in India and two in Pakistan). Population: Pregnancies in India and Pakistan with placental histology including women with documented hypertension and documented proteinuria and women with neither hypertension nor proteinuria. Methods: We compared the placental findings of the two groups using the Amsterdam criteria and further evaluated the placental findings in women with and without pre-eclampsia who had a stillbirth, preterm live birth, or term live birth (control). Main outcome measures: The main outcome measures were the frequency of maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion and the frequency of placental inflammation and its components, chorioamnionitis, funisitis, villitis and intervillitis in women with and without pre-eclampsia. Results: A total of 733 women had pre-eclampsia and 2334 women had neither hypertension nor proteinuria. In the placentas of women with pre-eclampsia, 57.3% had maternal vascular malperfusion compared with 37.1% in women without pre-eclampsia (p \u3c 0.0001). There was not a significant difference in the prevalence of fetal vascular hypertension between mothers with (17.1%) and without (14.8%, p = 0.6118) pre-eclampsia. When placentas were classified as \u27histologically normal\u27 or not, 61.3% of those from pre-eclamptic pregnancies were classified as abnormal, whereas if there was no pre-eclampsia, only 45.0% were classified as histologically abnormal (p \u3c 0.0001). We also considered rates of placental maternal vascular malperfusion in women with and without pre-eclampsia with stillbirth, preterm neonatal death, and term live birth. In women at term with no pre-eclampsia, 16.7% of the placentas had features of maternal vascular malperfusion. This occurred in 79.9% of women with stillbirths with pre-eclampsia compared with 51.8% of those without pre-eclampsia. Maternal vascular malperfusion was present in 49.7% of preterm live births with pre-eclampsia compared with 33.8% without pre-eclampsia. We also evaluated the inflammatory lesions by whether the mother had or did not have pre-eclampsia. When all inflammatory lesions were considered, women with pre-eclampsia had significantly fewer inflammatory lesions than those women without pre-eclampsia (17.1% versus 23.6% p = 0.001). Each of the specific inflammatory lesions was less common in placentas of women with pre-eclampsia than those with chorioamnionitis (16.1% versus 21.9%, p = 0.004) and funisitis (1.5% versus. 5.1%, p = 0.0004). Conclusions: Of placental lesions in women with pre-eclampsia, maternal vascular malperfusion was the most common. Inflammatory lesions were less common in women with pre-eclampsi

Influence of Weather Parameters on the Incidence and Severity of Guava Scab Caused by Pestalotiopsis psidii (Pat.)

Guava (Psidium guajava) is an important tropical fruit crop of India and is known as “apple of the tropics”. It is grown and utilized as an important fruit in tropical countries like India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and South America. Among the biotic and abiotic diseases of guava, guava infected by scab disease [Pestalotiopsis psidii (Pat.) Mordue] is an economically important and reported average yield losses in the range of 12-18%. An experiment was conducted during 2023 at Horticulture garden, Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during 2023 to understand the influence of various weather parameters on the guava scab disease development. The results revealed that, irrespective of the varieties, interaction among maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, rainy days and rainfall showed significant positive correlation with guava scab disease. And the incidence and severity of guava scab was found to be 23.21, 56.00 (Allahabad Safed), 32.45, 68.50 (Lucknow 49) and 85.00, 74.51 (Arka Kiran) respectively

Knowledge about emergency management of orofacial injuries among school teachers at Alkharj Saudi Arabia

Background: Children suffer from orofacial injuries during sport activities in schools. School teacher's knowledge about managing emergency during orofacial injuries will help in treatment prognosis. Aim: To assess and compare school teacher's knowledge about management of orofacial injuries at alkharj Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study was planned among school teacher working in various schools at alkharj. Questionnaire consisted of Demographic details such as age and year of experience and knowledge-related questions about management of orofacial injuries. Questionnaire was distributed and collected on the same day. Results: All participants were aware that sport activities results in injuries to head, orofacial structures, or teeth. 15.6% participants have undergone training. 84.4% of study participants have told they don't know to manage avulsed tooth. 92.8% of study participants are interested to get training on orofacial injury management. Conclusion: Knowledge of school teachers about management of orofacial injury is insufficient. Teachers are primary level of contact in schools during sports injuries, measures should be taken to improve their knowledge about orofacial injuries

Comparative evaluation of sealing ability of three different materials as barriers to coronal microleakage in root-filled teeth: An In Vitro study

Aim: To compare the sealing ability of three different materials when used as postendodontic restoration barriers to coronal microleakage in root-filled teeth. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 60 single-rooted mandibular premolars with single canals were selected. After endodontic treatment was done with protaper files, they were divided into three groups of 20 teeth each, which were restored with Zirconomer (Group I), Hi-Dense (Group II), and Surefil composite (Group III), respectively. After storing in artificial saliva for 10 days, all teeth were then immersed in Rhodamine 6G fluorescent dye. Teeth were then sectioned buccolingually in a longitudinal direction. The coronal microleakage was measured in both halves under a fluorescence microscope and images were taken with a digital camera. Data obtained from the study in the form of scoring as per specific criteria was subjected to statistical analysis. Result: Results of the study showed that the minimum amount of coronal microleakage was seen in Group II restored with Hi-Dense followed by Group III restored with Surefil Composite and the maximum amount of coronal microleakage was seen in Group I restored with Zirconomer. Conclusion: On the basis of the results of the present study, it may be concluded that Hi-Dense showed better coronal sealing ability in access cavities. Surefil composite exhibited coronal microleakage less than Zirconomer but more than Hi-Dense

Pregnancy outcomes in preterm multiple gestations: Results from a prospective study in India and Pakistan (PURPOSe)

Objective: To evaluate perinatal outcomes in preterm multiple compared with singleton pregnancies in India and Pakistan.Design: Prospective, observational study.Settings: Study hospitals in India and Pakistan.Population: We evaluated 3897 preterm pregnancies. These mothers gave birth to 3615 (92.8%) singleton infants, 267 (6.8%) sets of twins, 14 (0.4%) sets of triplets and one set of quadruplets.Main outcome measures: Neonatal mortality, stillbirth, cause of death.Results: Of the singleton infants, 691 (19.1%) were stillborn and 2924 (80.9%) live born. Of the 534 infants from twin pregnancies, 41 (7.7%) were stillborn and 493 (92.3%) were live born. Of the 267 sets of twins, in 14 cases (5.2%) both were stillborn, in 13 cases (4.8%) one was stillborn and one live born, and in 240 cases (90.0%) both were live born. In both preterm twins and preterm singletons, the three most common causes of death were intrauterine hypoxia, infections acquired prior to birth and infections acquired at or after birth. The preterm twins appeared less likely to have died from intrauterine hypoxia but more likely to have died from infections acquired at or after birth. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was less likely considered by the panel to be the primary cause of death in either the twins (9.6%) or singletons (9.7%). Congenital anomalies were also not often judged to be the cause of death in either the preterm twins 2 (2.4%) or singletons 27 (5.3%).Conclusion: In the PURPOSe study, neonatal mortality rates in preterm twins compared with singletons when evaluated by sex, GA, birthweight and SGA, were generally similar to rates of preterm singleton neonatal mortality in those groups. Thus, the higher rate of mortality in live-born twin infants is related to the fact that these infants were more likely to be born earlier rather than to any inherent characteristics of the babies themselves

Maternal and fetal vascular lesions of malperfusion in the placentas associated with fetal and neonatal death: Results of a prospective observational study

Background: Fetal death, one of the major adverse pregnancy outcomes, is especially common in low and middle-income countries. Placental lesions may play an important role in the etiology of fetal and possibly neonatal death. Prior research relating placental lesions to fetal death causation was often hindered by the lack of agreement on a placental classification scheme. The Amsterdam Consensus statement, published in 2016, focused attention on malperfusions in the maternal and fetal placental circulations.Objectives: Our purpose was to investigate the relationships of placental maternal vascular (MVM) and fetal vascular malperfusion (FVM) to fetal and neonatal death with a focus on the most important maternal clinical conditions in the pathway to fetal and neonatal death; maternal hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage and decreased fetal growth.Study design: This was a prospective, observational cohort study conducted at two Asian sites. Data collected included clinical history, gross and histologic evaluation of the placenta, and a number of other investigations to determine cause of death. The placenta was evaluated at both sites using the Amsterdam Consensus framework. We estimated the risk of placental MVM and FVM among fetal and neonatal deaths.Results: Between July 2018 and January 2020 in India and Pakistan, 814 women with a fetal death, 618 with a preterm live birth and subsequent neonatal death, and 201 term live births, all with a placenta available for study, provided consent. The prevalence of MVM was higher in placentas of fetal deaths (58.4%) and preterm neonatal deaths (31.1%) compared to the term live births (15.4%). Adjusting for site, MVM had a RR of 3.88 (95% CI 2.70-5.59) among fetal deaths vs. term live births and a RR of 2.07 (95% CI 1.41-3.02) for preterm neonatal deaths vs. term live births. Infarcts and distal villous hypoplasia were the most common histological components of MVM. FVM was found less frequently in the placentas of fetal deaths (19.0%) than was MVM (58.4%). However, there were higher frequencies of FVM in fetal death placentas (19.0%) than in placentas from neonatal deaths (8.3%) or in the term live birth placentas (5.0%). Adjusting for site, FVM had a RR of 4.09 (95% CI 2.15-7.75) among fetal deaths vs. term live births and RR 1.77 (95% CI 0.90-3.49) for preterm neonatal deaths vs. term live births. There was a higher incidence of MVM in cases of maternal hypertension (71.4%), SGA (69.9%) and antepartum hemorrhage (59.1%) compared to the incidence of MVM in fetal deaths with none of these conditions (43.3%). There were no significant differences in the occurrence of FVM among the four clinical categories.Conclusion(s): Histological examination of the placenta, especially for malperfusion disorders, is crucial in elucidating pathways to fetal death and likely for neonatal death in preterm infants. Possibly more important is the potential to focus on placental MVM and FVM during pregnancy as a means to identify fetuses at risk and to reduce the risk of fetal death by early delivery. It is our additional hope that the increased risk of fetal and neonatal death in these pregnancies can be reduced by development of an intervention to reduce the likelihood of developing MVM and/or FVM in the first place