HPLC elution profiles of four fecal extracts from a Bengal tiger collected on Days 89, 97, 98 and 100 (a) and from a jaguar collected on Days 70, 73, 76 and 77 (b).

<p>Immunoreactivitiy of each fraction was determined in the PGFM EIA, arrows represent the elution positions of reference standards.</p

Term-wise PGFM concentration measured by EIA in Asiatic lion, Bengal tiger and jaguar.

<p>To examine differences in PGFM concentrations between different gestation periods, we divided pregnancy into three equal periods as early (1–5 weeks), mid (6–10 weeks) and late term (11–15 weeks) for Asiatic lion, Bengal tiger and jaguar.</p

The relationship between parasite prevalence and group size in the lion-tailed macaque in nine forest fragments; (a) <i>Ancylostoma</i>, (b) <i>Strongyloides</i>, (c) <i>Trichuris</i> and (d) <i>Bunostomum</i>; fragments (•) with or (O) without human settlements.

<p>The relationship between parasite prevalence and group size in the lion-tailed macaque in nine forest fragments; (a) <i>Ancylostoma</i>, (b) <i>Strongyloides</i>, (c) <i>Trichuris</i> and (d) <i>Bunostomum</i>; fragments (•) with or (O) without human settlements.</p

Rainforest fragments in Anamalai Tiger reserve, Western Ghats, India.

<p>Rainforest fragments in Anamalai Tiger reserve, Western Ghats, India.</p

The relationship between group size in the lion-tailed macaque and attributes of gastrointestinal parasites; (a) group size and fragment area; (b) the number of parasitic taxa per individual and group size; (c) the number of parasitic taxa per group and group size; and (d) group size and the overall parasite prevalence in groups in nine forest fragments (•) with or (O) without human settlements.

<p>The relationship between group size in the lion-tailed macaque and attributes of gastrointestinal parasites; (a) group size and fragment area; (b) the number of parasitic taxa per individual and group size; (c) the number of parasitic taxa per group and group size; and (d) group size and the overall parasite prevalence in groups in nine forest fragments (•) with or (O) without human settlements.</p

The prevalence of different taxa of gastrointestinal parasites in lion-tailed macaques in the nine rainforest fragments.

<p>The prevalence of different taxa of gastrointestinal parasites in lion-tailed macaques in the nine rainforest fragments.</p

Parameter estimates from linear regression models for the influence of human settlements (presence/absence) and group size on prevalence of three groups of gastrointestinal parasites of lion-tailed macaque.

<p>95% Wald confidence intervals are given in parenthesis.</p

HPLC elution profile of immunoreactive PGFM in fecal extracts of a pregnant tiger (days 97, a) and a pregnant jaguar (days 76, b).

<p>Fecal extracts of each animal were separated by RP-HPLC and then immunoreactivitiy of each fraction was determined by the PGFM EIA. Arrows indicate the elution positions of prostaglandin standards.</p

Median-joining network.

<p>Median-joining network of mtDNA HVRI haplotypes of golden langurs. The size of each circle represents the frequency of each haplotype (N = 59) and the colours represent each fragment. Each bar on the lines connecting two haplotypes represents one mutational step.</p

Study sites and their isolation status.

<p>Study sites and their isolation status.</p