38 research outputs found

    Des matières premières au béton de chanvre : optimisation des propriétés thermiques et mécaniques

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    Le béton de chanvre est un matériau composite utilisé dans le domaine de la construction obtenu en mélangeant des particules de chanvre (la chènevotte) à un liant. Ce béton se caractérise par une porosité très importante (plus de 80% en volume) avec plusieurs tailles caractéristiques de pores. Le choix des matières premières permet de piloter la porosité du matériau et d'ainsi concevoir des formulations types optimisées en termes de propriétés thermiques et mécaniques pour la fabrication de bétons de chanvre répondant à des exigences précises

    A Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Sequences in Kiev: Findings Among Key Populations

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    Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in Ukraine has been driven by a rapid rise among people who inject drugs, but recent studies have shown an increase through sexual transmission. Methods: Protease and reverse transcriptase sequences from 876 new HIV diagnoses (April 2013–March 2015) in Kiev were linked to demographic data. We constructed phylogenetic trees for 794 subtype A1 and 64 subtype B sequences and identified factors associated with transmission clustering. Clusters were defined as ≥2 sequences, ≥80% local branch support, and maximum genetic distance of all sequence pairs in the cluster ≤2.5%. Recent infection was determined through the limiting antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay. Sequences were analyzed for transmitted drug resistance mutations. Results Thirty percent of subtype A1 and 66% of subtype B sequences clustered. Large clusters (maximum 11 sequences) contained mixed risk groups. In univariate analysis, clustering was significantly associated with subtype B compared to A1 (odds ratio [OR], 4.38 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.56–7.50]); risk group (OR, 5.65 [95% CI, 3.27–9.75]) for men who have sex with men compared to heterosexual males; recent, compared to long-standing, infection (OR, 2.72 [95% CI, 1.64–4.52]); reported sex work contact (OR, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.07–3.47]); and younger age groups compared with age ≥36 years (OR, 1.83 [95% CI, 1.10–3.05] for age ≤25 years). Females were associated with lower odds of clustering than heterosexual males (OR, 0.49 [95% CI, .31–.77]). In multivariate analysis, risk group, subtype, and age group were independently associated with clustering (P < .001, P = .007, and P = .033, respectively). Eighteen sequences (2.1%) indicated evidence of transmitted drug resistance. Conclusions Our findings suggest high levels of transmission and bridging between risk groups

    Projet ADEME ACLIBIO : Etude du vieillissement d'isolants biosourcés dans une perspective de changement climatique

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    International audienceAu cours des dernières années, l'utilisation de matériaux biosourcés dans les bâtiments s'est fortement développée en réponse à des préoccupations environnementales et sociétales toujours plus prégnantes. Malheureusement, le développement récent des matériaux isolants biosourcés fait que l'on a très peu de retours d'expérience sur la durabilité de leurs performances. Quelques études ont bien été menées sur les isolants en bétons de chanvre ou sur des isolants biosourcés mais on constate globalement un manque criant de données relatives au vieillissement des matériaux biosourcés. En outre, il n'existe pas, à l'heure actuelle en France, d'essai de vieillissement normalisé adapté aux isolants biosourcés, fortement hygroscopiques. Dans ce contexte, le projet ADEME ACLIBIO permet de contribuer au développement d'un protocole de vieillissement adapté aux matériaux biosourcés, de déterminer l'évolution des propriétés hygrothermiques de plusieurs typologies d'isolants et d'évaluer leur impact sur le confort d'été et le confort d'hiver des bâtiments à l'horizon 2050 dans une perspective de changement climatique

    A self-consistent approach for the acoustical modeling of vegetal wools

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    Vegetal wools have the capacity to store atmospheric carbon dioxyde, one of the main gases responsible for climate change. So, these insulating materials are used as key elements for green buildings. Moreover, vegetal wools present high sound absorption level performances contributing to the acoustic comfort of indoor living spaces. These properties are directly related to the morphology and the size of their vegetal fibres. Thus, to take their microstructural specificities into account for the modeling of their sound absorption properties, a micro-macro homogenization approach based on a cylindrical geometry is developed. This modeling method, based on a mix between Homogenization of Periodic Media (HPM) and Self-Consistent Method (SCM), is called SCMcyl. The macroscopic behaviour laws of materials are rigorously obtained by using HPM. Then, the SCM leads to the establishment of two possible analytical solutions (a velocity approach v and a pressure approach p) under the fundamental assumption of the energy equivalence between a generic cylindrical inclusion, representative of the vegetal wools physical and geometrical properties at microscopic scale, and the homogeneous equivalent medium at the macroscopic scale. The two modeling approaches developed in this paper, SCMcyl-v and SCMcyl-p, can be used to determine the sound absorption of fibrous materials using only two parameters, an equivalent fibre radius value and the material porosity. Finally, these solutions are validated for the vegetal wools case by comparison with experimental measurements

    Acoustical and thermal self-consistent modelling for the optimisation of vegetal wools used in green buildings

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    3rd International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials ICBBM 2019, BELFAST, ROYAUME-UNI, 26-/06/2019 - 28/06/2019Vegetal wools are biobased insulators that contribute to green buildings development. In order to optimize both their acoustical and thermal performances, a joint modelling method relating microstructural parameters to materials macroscopic properties is developed

    Projet ADEME ACLIBIO : Etude du vieillissement d'isolants biosourcés dans une perspective de changement climatique

    No full text
    International audienceAu cours des dernières années, l'utilisation de matériaux biosourcés dans les bâtiments s'est fortement développée en réponse à des préoccupations environnementales et sociétales toujours plus prégnantes. Malheureusement, le développement récent des matériaux isolants biosourcés fait que l'on a très peu de retours d'expérience sur la durabilité de leurs performances. Quelques études ont bien été menées sur les isolants en bétons de chanvre ou sur des isolants biosourcés mais on constate globalement un manque criant de données relatives au vieillissement des matériaux biosourcés. En outre, il n'existe pas, à l'heure actuelle en France, d'essai de vieillissement normalisé adapté aux isolants biosourcés, fortement hygroscopiques. Dans ce contexte, le projet ADEME ACLIBIO permet de contribuer au développement d'un protocole de vieillissement adapté aux matériaux biosourcés, de déterminer l'évolution des propriétés hygrothermiques de plusieurs typologies d'isolants et d'évaluer leur impact sur le confort d'été et le confort d'hiver des bâtiments à l'horizon 2050 dans une perspective de changement climatique

    Effect of water content on the acoustical and thermal properties of hemp concretes

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    Hemp concrete is a multifunctional ecological material used in buildings. It is obtained by mixing a binder with hemp particles (the non-fibrous fraction of the hemp stem called 'shiv' or 'hurd'). Due to its high porosity (ranging from 60 to 90%), it presents an 'atypical' mechanical behavior and its hygrothermal and acoustical properties are particularly interesting. This paper focuses on the influence of the water content of hemp concretes on their acoustical and thermal properties. Four mixtures of hemp concrete were manufactured using a binder and two shives under two distinct stresses of compaction. It is shown that water content does not affect significantly the acoustical properties of hemp concretes although a swelling effect can be detected by an increase of resistivity and a decrease of porosity. Finally, this study confirms that thermal conductivity rises almost linearly with water content while evolutions of thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity are different depending on the concrete
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