Operative Treatment of Isolated Bicondylar Hoffa Fracture With a Modified Swashbuckler Approach

Introduction: An isolated coronal fracture of either or both femoral condyles is a rare entity and is usually associated with high-energy injury trauma. Such fractures should be meticulously fixed for a good functional outcome as they involve the articular surface of a weight bearing joint. A modified swashbuckler approach provides adequate exposure for appropriate reduction and fixation of such fractures. Case Presentation: A 32-year-old male sustained a bicondylar Hoffa fracture of the right femur which was treated by open reduction and internal fixation using a modified swashbuckler approach. At two years of follow-up, the patient had excellent radiological and functional outcome. Conclusions: In our study, we treated this rare fracture successfully using a modified swashbuckler approach and found it to be a good approach for such fractures as compared to the conventional approach

Comparison of area spectra in loop quantum gravity

We compare two area spectra proposed in loop quantum gravity in different approaches to compute the entropy of the Schwarzschild black hole. We describe the black hole in general microcanonical and canonical area ensembles for these spectra. We show that in the canonical ensemble, the results for all statistical quantities for any spectrum can be reproduced by a heuristic picture of Bekenstein up to second order. For one of these spectra - the equally-spaced spectrum - in light of a proposed connection of the black hole area spectrum to the quasinormal mode spectrum and following hep-th/0304135, we present explicit calculations to argue that this spectrum is completely consistent with this connection. This follows without requiring a change in the gauge group of the spin degrees of freedom in this formalism from SU(2) to SO(3). We also show that independent of the area spectrum, the degeneracy of the area observable is bounded by $C A\exp(A/4)$, where $A$ is measured in Planck units and $C$ is a constant of order unity.Comment: 8 pages, Revtex 4, version to appear in Classical and Quantum Gravit

Flow Anlaysis on Hal Tejas Aircraft using Computational Fluid Dynamics with Different Angle of Attack

In the current globalization, we can see many innovations being introduced or implemented in every aspect of field that are considered to be existed. Every country is aiming to develop its power over all the aspects that considered for comparison with other countries in order to stand at same level of competition with others. One such power considered by all countries to develop every possible way to have a healthy competition is the military power which involves basically innovations of fast moving aircraft having a high lift coefficient and low drag coefficient. Such an aircraft having the high lift and low drag coefficient is TEJAS (HAL) developed by country India on which the purpose of paper mainly sustains. The paper mainly focuses on steady-state flow analysis over aircraft TEJAS using the computer aided modelling techniques and also the comparison of the results obtained from the modelled techniques. The paper also outlines the designing of the structural model of the TEJAS in a modelling software, creation of a finite computational domain, segmentation of this domain into discrete intervals, applying boundary conditions such as velocity in order to obtain plots and desired results determining the coefficient of pressure, lift and drag coefficient, velocity magnitude etc. This paper also aims in creating awareness to the future students about the techniques involved and knowledge required for developing a designed modelled. This paper also highlights the use of CFD techniques involved for the purpose of fluid flow simulation of the aircraft especially performing the meshing techniques, pre and post processing techniques and finally the evaluation of the simulation. Finally this paper can be seen as source by future generation students in gaining knowledge about design, analysis and simulation of the structured model on various conditions, about the field of aerospace engineering and new innovations being developed and also about the career involved when the above fields were chosen foe specialization purpose

Algebraic approach to quantum black holes: logarithmic corrections to black hole entropy

The algebraic approach to black hole quantization requires the horizon area eigenvalues to be equally spaced. As shown previously, for a neutral non-rotating black hole, such eigenvalues must be $2^{n}$-fold degenerate if one constructs the black hole stationary states by means of a pair of creation operators subject to a specific algebra. We show that the algebra of these two building blocks exhibits $U(2)\equiv U(1)\times SU(2)$ symmetry, where the area operator generates the U(1) symmetry. The three generators of the SU(2) symmetry represent a {\it global} quantum number (hyperspin) of the black hole, and we show that this hyperspin must be zero. As a result, the degeneracy of the $n$-th area eigenvalue is reduced to $2^{n}/n^{3/2}$ for large $n$, and therefore, the logarithmic correction term $-3/2\log A$ should be added to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. We also provide a heuristic approach explaining this result, and an evidence for the existence of {\it two} building blocks.Comment: 15 pages, Revtex, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Thermal Fluctuations and Black Hole Entropy

In this paper, we consider the effect of thermal fluctuations on the entropy of both neutral and charged black holes. We emphasize the distinction between fixed and fluctuating charge systems; using a canonical ensemble to describe the former and a grand canonical ensemble to study the latter. Our novel approach is based on the philosophy that the black hole quantum spectrum is an essential component in any such calculation. For definiteness, we employ a uniformly spaced area spectrum, which has been advocated by Bekenstein and others in the literature. The generic results are applied to some specific models; in particular, various limiting cases of an (arbitrary-dimensional) AdS-Reissner-Nordstrom black hole. We find that the leading-order quantum correction to the entropy can consistently be expressed as the logarithm of the classical quantity. For a small AdS curvature parameter and zero net charge, it is shown that, independent of the dimension, the logarithmic prefactor is +1/2 when the charge is fixed but +1 when the charge is fluctuating.We also demonstrate that, in the grand canonical framework, the fluctuations in the charge are large, $\Delta Q\sim\Delta A\sim S_{BH}^{1/2}$, even when $=0$. A further implication of this framework is that an asymptotically flat, non-extremal black hole can never achieve a state of thermal equilibrium.Comment: 25 pages, Revtex; references added and corrected, and some minor change

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Mutant Lines of Oat (\u3cem\u3eAvena sativa\u3c/em\u3e L.) Based on RAPD and ISSR Analysis

The genus Avena belongs to the grass family Poaceae and has ploidy levels of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid with basic chromosome number of 7 (n=7). Oat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the most important forage and feed crops of the world. Oat is used as green fodder, straw, hay or silage. Oat grain makes a good balanced concentrate in the rations for poultry, cattle, sheep and other animals. Green fodder contains about 10 to 13% protein and 30 to 35% dry matter. Despite being high fed fodder crop, it is now gaining importance as food due to its unique and important quality characteristics, particularly the lipid and protein in grains (Ruwali et al., 2013). The existing genetic variability for the traits of agronomic importance, such as plant vegetative cycle, is considered restricted. The narrow of the genetic base in cultivated oat varieties can be a constraint on the efficacy of genotype selection in segregating generations (Carvalho and Federizzi, 1989). Genetic variability in existing oat cultivars is not high enough; it hampers the selection of superior genotypes for breeding. Modifications in the genetic structure of plants and an organisms occurs naturally, though at low frequency, but can be increased through physical or chemical mutagens. Advances in molecular biology have introduced an alternative for variety/genotype identification. The genetic characterization of germplasm helps in their effective conservation and reveals the extent of relationship among the accessions and the estimates of genetic diversity (Singh et al., 2012). The selection of RAPD and ISSR were based on their relative technical simplicity, level of polymorphism they detect, cost effective, easily applicable to any plant species and target those sequence which are abundant throughout the eukaryotic genome and are rapidly evolved. A series of studies have indicated that ISSR could be able to produce more reliable and reproducible bands because of the higher annealing temperature and longer sequence of ISSR primers considered superior than RAPD (Bornet et al., 2001). ISSR has proved to be useful to study of population genetic studies gene mapping germplasm identification and characterize gene bank accessions as well as to identify closely related cultivars (Cortesi et al., 2004). The present research had the following objectives: Assessment of diversity of mutant lines of oat (Avena sativa L.) based on RAPD and ISSR analysis

An induced brachytic mutant of chickpea and its possible use in ideotype breeding

Mutations were induced in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar 'JG 315' through treatment of seeds with ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS). One of the mutants, named JGM 1, had brachytic growth (compact growth), characterized by erect growth habit, thick and sturdy stem, short internodal and interleaflet distances and few tertiary and later order branches. It was isolated from M2 derived from seeds treated with 0.6% EMS for 6 h. Segregation analyses in F2 progenies of its crosses with normal chickpea genotypes (JG 315, ICC 4929, and ICC 10301) suggested that a single recessive gene controlled brachytic growth in JGM 1. This gene was not allelic to the br gene for brachytic growth in spontaneous brachytic mutant E100YM. Thus, the gene for brachytic growth in JGM 1 was designated br2 and the br gene of E100YM was redesignated br1. Efforts are being made to use JGM 1 in development of a plant type with short internodes and erect growth habit. Such plant type may resist excessive vegetative growth in high input (irrigation and fertility) conditions and accommodate more plants per unit area

Black Hole Entropy from a Highly Excited Elementary String

Suggested correspondence between a black hole and a highly excited elementary string is explored. Black hole entropy is calculated by computing the density of states for an open excited string. We identify the square root of oscillator number of the excited string with Rindler energy of black hole to obtain an entropy formula which, not only agrees at the leading order with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, but also reproduces the logarithmic correction obtained for black hole entropy in the quantum geometry framework. This provides an additional supporting evidence for correspondence between black holes and strings.Comment: revtex, 4 page

Iot Solutions for Enhancing Agricultural Practices and Environmental Sustainability

This investigate points to think about the results of way better appropriation of IoT within the field of farming. The think about points to appear how made strides cultivating strategies through IoT can give superior results for the environment. The research was able to extend the keen water system and precisely anticipate the yields through optimization calculations. Agriculturists can make their farms' results way better by taking more brilliant and productive choices through Choice Back Frameworks (DSS). The savvy cultivating (accuracy cultivating) has demonstrated to be useful for the environment.  Through detailed studies and evaluations of the life cycle and impact on ecosystems, it has been revealed that this method provides healthier soil, increased biodiversity and lowers carbon emissions. The expenses of cultivation can be minimized by lowering water consumption. This is important because it lowers the issue of the shortage of water. The outputs from the model will highlight the importance of utilizing water resources in an optimized way for farming through IoT based methods. The Decision-Making Systems have been proved to be significantly useful in agricultural activities; they provide an efficient way to make important business decisions. The systems were designed to provide in-time data to the network so that farmers can make their desicions up-to-date