Corrigendum to “Study of Risk Factors Effects Recurrence of Lumbar Disc Herniation (LDH) after Open Spine Surgery” [Novelty in Biomedicine, Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022), Page 12-16] (https://doi.org/10.22037/nbm.v10i1.34872)

The authors regret that in the published version of the above-mentioned paper we have wrongly entered the affiliation (1). The correct first affiliation is "Medicine Faculty, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran". The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused

Probiotics: an update on mechanisms of action and clinical applications

Probiotics are live microbial feed supplement and can provide health benefit to the host if administered in sufficient amounts. The most predominant species that have been used as probiotic include Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Proper administration of probiotics could be efficient in the treatment of various disorders. However; their mechanism of action is poorly understood. The effects of probiotics may be classified in following modes: reinforcement of the intestinal mucosal barrier against pathogens, competition with pathogens for adherence to the mucosa and epithelium, competitive exclusion of pathogenic microorganisms, production of antimicrobial substances, modulation of the immune system and interference with quorum sensing signaling. Exploration of the clinical features of probiotic strains, their modes of action and investigation based on probiotic therapy may be beneficial in treatment of various diseases

Study of flagellin profiling in multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) isolated from burn wound infections, Tehran, Iran

     Nosocomial infections of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) are a growing concern in hospitalized patients in burn centers. The aim of this study was to investigate the flagellin profiling and antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolated from burn wound infections. During 8 month study, 73 clinically P. aeruginosa isolates collected from patients hospitalized in burn ward. P. aeruginosa isolates were identified using standard laboratory procedures. In vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa to 6 antimicrobial agents were investigated by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2012) Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. The frequency of different type of flagellin was investigated by using specific primers and by PCR method. The resistance rates of our isolates to 6 tested antimicrobial agents were relatively high. Imipenem has good activity while tobramycin and ciprofloxacin do not have any effect on P. aeruginosa isolates. Of 73 isolates 59 (80.8%) were multidrug resistant. Twenty eight of 73 isolates were resistant to all antibiotics. Agarose gel electrophoresis of chromosomal DNA exhibited that 59 isolates (80.8%) of P. aeruginosa had type A flagellin while only 14 isolates (19.2%) had type b flagellin. Given the antibiotic failure treatment, it appears that alternative ways such as immunity to prevent of these infections could be informative. Our survey of flagellin profiling of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited high frequency of type a flagellin as a major virulence factor has important role of immunity against infections caused by MDRPA. Functional surveillance of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa in order to prevention of resistance dissemination is necessary.

Idiom Comprehension in English as a Foreign Language: Analysability in Focus

AbstractThis study aims to test if analyzability matters in processing the idioms of a language with which participants are not familiar. To this end, a group of Persian undergraduate students received 90 English idioms literary translated into Persian from three categories of normally analyzable, abnormally analyzable, and unanalyzable. They were asked to assign each idiom presented on the screen to one of the three semantic domains of anger, revelation, or secrecy. According to the speed and accuracy with which participants assigned each idiom, it was revealed that analyzability plays an important role in understanding the idioms of an unfamiliar language

The Main Associated Symptoms Related to COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) Among Pediatric Patients

Context: Findings have been perceived that only fewer children face COVID-19 and among infected, they have fewer violent signs. Being less severity among children could be significant for meditating therapeutics for high-risk adults and the elderly.  Evidence Acquisition: This study reviewed the main associated symptoms related to COVID-19 such as epidemiologic, laboratory-related, and therapeutic aspects among pediatric patients. In this narrative review, the most recent reproduced data on pediatric patients’ clinical revelation with COVID-19 have been considered and reviewed. Results: All ages of pediatric patients were susceptible against the COVID-19. There wasn’t any significant sex difference. Asymptomatic, mild, or moderate signs were reported in more than 90% of all patients. Although pediatric patients clinical appearance of COVID-19 was commonly less severe compare to adult patients, young pediatric patients, exclusively infants, were vulnerable to infection. Conclusion: It is important that clinicians must be informed of possible clinical manifestations of pediatric patients ’COVID-19 cases to avoid neglecting or overdiagnosis of patients. As well as, this review provided strong documents of human-to-human transmission. &nbsp

Assessment of antibiotic resistance pattern in Acinetobacter bumannii carrying bla oxA type genes isolated from hospitalized patients

AbstractPlease cite this article as: Goudarzi H, Douraghi M, Ghalavand Z, Goudarzi M. Assessment of antibiotic resistance pattern in Acinetobacter baumannii carrying bla oxA type genes isolated from hospitalized patients. Novel Biomed 2013;1(2):54-61.Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative coccobacillus and one of the most opportunistic pathogens responsible for serious infections in hospitalized patients.Methods: During a 12 month study, 221 clinical isolates and 22 environmental Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were collected. In vitro susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates to 13 antimicrobial agents amikacin; cefepime; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; meropenem; piperacillin/tazobactam; sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim; imipenem; tigecycline; colistin; gentamycin; ceftriaxone; levofloxacin was performed by the disk diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MICs) of imipenem; levofloxacin and cefepime.was done by the E-test according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-51genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing.Results: The result of antimicrobial susceptibility test of clinical isolates by the disk diffusion method revealed that that all strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam. The rates of resistance to the majority of antibiotics tested varied between 69% and 100 %, with the exception of tigecycline and colistin. Of 221 isolates tested 99(44.8%) were XDR. All strains carry a blaOXA-51-like gene. blaOXA-23gene was the most prevalence among blaOXA-types.Conclusion: colistin and tigecycline can be effective drugs for treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Continuous Surveillance for Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug-resistant strains is necessary to prevent the further spread of resistant isolates

Ineffectiveness of Methylation in Rgulation of VHL, ECAD, and RUNX3 Genes in Erythroid Cells Differentiated by Erythropoietin

Background: Vast variety of intermediate factors including cell cycle regulators, growth factors, transcription factors, and signaling pathways are involved in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) commitment and differentiation into distinct lineages. VHL, Ecad, and RUNX3 are among these. Epigenetics is currently introduced as a potential mechanism to control the gene regulation. The aim of this study is to reveal the correlation between the expression level and methylation pattern of mentioned genes after in vitro differentiation of cord blood HSCs into erythroid lineage mediated by erythropoietin.Materials and Methods: After isolation and expansion, the CD34+ cord blood stem cells were divided into two parts. The first part was used to extract the DNA and RNA and the second to differentiate into erythroid lineage. Methylation specific PCR (MSP) and Real-time PCR were used to determine the methylation status and expression levels of the genes, respectively.Results: Although the significant upregulation observed for VHL and Ecad genes and a down-regulation for RUNX3 gene after differentiation, no remarkable changes were seen in methylation pattern compared with cord blood HSCs by MSP technique.Conclusion: It is appearing that methylation pattern in promoter region has not an effective role in expression of VHL, Ecad, and RUNX3. Moreover, considering the inability of MSP method to detect subtle differences in methylation level a more sensitive method is needed to distinguish the methylation levels of these genes before and after erythroid differentiation

Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran

     Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are a main cause of nosocomial infection. The main purpose of this study was to determination of frequency of CNS isolates in in hospitalized patients and their susceptibility pattern to antimicrobial agents. During 11 month study, 65 CNS clinical isolates were recovered from hospitalized patients in different wards of hospital. In vitro susceptibility of isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents Penicillin; Ampicilin; Cephalothin; Cefoxitin; linezolid; Nitofurantoin; Erythromycin; Norfloxacin; Gentamicin; Vancomycin; Chloramphenicol and Oxacillin was performed by Kirby-Bauer’s Disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. Out of 1875 samples of hospitalized patients 65(3.47%) patients were infected with CNS. Twenty one (32.3 %) were isolated from the urine samples, 17(26.1%) from sputum, 15(23.1%) from pus samples, 8(12.3 %) from ear swabs, 3(4.7%) from fluid and 1(1.5%) from blood sample. All of CNS isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin. The rates of resistance to the majority of antibiotics tested varied between 4.5% and 100 %. The rate of resistance to beta lactam antibiotics, Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin was high (more than 70%). The most of isolates remained susceptible to linezolid, and nitofurantoin. All of isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Multi-drug resistant CNS with reduced susceptibility to linezolid and nitrofurantoin are emerging pathogens of clinical concern. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance with attention to multi-resistant profile and aware to practitioners in the field is necessary

Survey of clinical features, pathogenesis and therapeutic options for Ebola haemorrhagic fever

      The genus Ebola virus first was recognized in 1976, when two outbreaks occurred in Zaire and Sudan. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a highly contagious disease that can affect both human and nonhuman primates: Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV), Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus (CEBOV), Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BEBOV) and Reston ebolavirus (REBOV) are five members of the Filoviridae family that can cause haemorrhagic fever. EVD is transmitted by direct contact with contaminated blood or other biological fluids of the infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. Ebola is responsible for different clinical futures that can be ranged from fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, abdominal pain, anorexia and vomiting to severe respiratory disorders, viral hemorrhagic fever, cardio-vascular disorders and hypovolaemic shock.  Although there is no specific treatment for EVD, considerable advances like use of monoclonal antibody, intefron and Favipiravir/T-705 as effective chemotherapeutic agent in treatment of EBV have been made. To date, 25 outbreaks of EVD have been reported. Hence, EVD as a zoonotic disease should be more focused not only in endemic area but also in throughout the world. Awareness of the disease and routes of transmission and also continuous surveillance to combat disease and outbreaks is necessary

Bacteria as a vehicle in cancer therapy and drug delivery

Although the conventional therapies have obviously improved the conditions of patients with cancer, some mechanisms of resistance have led scientists to use alternative agents that can penetrate in most solid tumors. Furthermore, the success of cancer therapies depends on limiting the uptake of toxins to normal tissues and their selectivity to malignant cells. The involvement of natural and genetically modified non-pathogenic bacterial species, as potential antitumor agents, has led scientists to study bacteria and their products as an ideal vector for delivering therapeutic components to tumors. Moreover, bacterial ghosts, microbots, and bactofection are the other strategies to destruct the malignant tissues. Although it has shown to achieve successful results in vivo, further investigations on the targeting mechanisms of the bacteria are needed to make it a complete therapeutic approach in cancer treatment