40 research outputs found

    Contribution of formal modelling and field experiment to leverage knowledge and expertise for designing crop protection guidelines

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    International audiencePesticide use is still much too often systematic on many crops. However, there is scientific consensus that many farmers could change their crop protection practices without putting their revenue in jeopardy. There is need for crop protection management systems that yield significantly lower pesticide consumption. For many crops such management systems are not available, although knowledge about the pathosystems exists. We present here two crop protection formal guidelines (Decision Workflow Systems, DeWS) which were elicited and formalised using the Statechart (Grape-MilDeWS) and the coloured Petri nets (POD BLĂ©) modelling languages. Elicitation and formal model-ling helped the pathologists to ameliorate their design and provided a convenient computer ready format. Moreover, the main purpose of DeWS models is to provide an exhaustive specification, which can then be transferred. This permits large experimental networks to be created. Such networks are necessary to collect data about the behaviour of the pathosystem under low input management and to assess the DeWS robustness and efficiency. Finally DeWS are learning tools for the growers, development workers and for its original designers as well

    Tolérance du blé tendre aux stress biotiques et abiotiques

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    Les divers stress biotiques et abiotiques qu'un peuplement rencontre au cours de son cycle ont souvent comme effet majeur la réduction de la surface foliaire verte. Des travaux préliminaires ont montré une certaine stabilité de la relation entre l’indice foliaire vert intégré pendant le remplissage du grain (IFVI) et le rendement. Ce projet avait pour objectif d'utiliser l'IFVI pour mettre au point un indicateur global de phénotypage "multistress", afin de caractériser le comportement variétal dans différents environnements et ITK. Il devait également approfondir la notion de tolérance, consistant au maintien des performances en présence de stress avéré, et jusqu'ici mal séparée du potentiel de rendement. En mobilisant des acteurs de la recherche (INRA, Lasalle), du développement (Arvalis) et du secteur privé (Saaten Union), une base de données importante a été construite. Les résultats de stations expérimentales ont permis l’élaboration de l’indicateur, tandis que son automatisation "haut débit" était travaillée par ailleurs. Le réseau INRA "ITK blés rustiques" a permis l'évaluation de l'ensemble. On distinguera une tolérance intrinsèque, qui ne dépend que du niveau d’IFVI, donc du potentiel de la culture, et une tolérance spécifique, réponse variétale à un changement de milieu ou d'ITK. Potentiel et rusticité sont largement indépendants, et peuvent donc être sélectionnés conjointement. Par contre notre base de données suggère un trade-off entre les composantes de la rusticité: tolérance, et résistance + échappement, soulignant le besoin de recherche dans ce domaine. A terme, l'indicateur proposé pourra être utilisé pour caractériser les variétés les plus adaptées à un milieu donné et pour aider à la conception de couverts de céréales écologiquement intensifs.Wheat crops undergo multiple biotic or abiotic stresses during their development cycle, the main effect of which is a reduction of green leaf area. Preliminary studies showed a stable relationship between Area Under the Green Leaf Area Index (AUGLAI) during the grain filling period and yield. This study aims at establishing a global index characterizing multi stress effects to assess genotype response to environments and practices. It would help identifying if tolerance (i.e. the capacity to maintain yield in stressed crops) and yield potential could be separated. Thanks to the collaboration of research (INRA, Lasalle), development (Arvalis) and industry (Saaten Union), a large data basis was built. The results in experimental stations made it possible to develop an index, while its "high-throughput" automation was tested elsewhere. Overall evaluation was obtained in the INRA network "ITK Blés rustiques". Our work enabled distinguishing between an intrinsic tolerance, only dependent on the AUGLAI level, i.e. of the yield potential, and a specific tolerance, that characterizes a genotypic response to change in environment or agricultural practice. On the one hand, yield potential and losses due to stresses were found largely independent, and could be jointly selected in plant breeding. On the other hand, our data basis suggests a tradeoff between (resistance + escape) and tolerance, underlying the needs for further research. The proposed index of multi stress tolerance appears useful both to characterize varieties best suited to any given environment and to help designing ecologically intensive cereal crops
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