Combustion Performance of Pterocarpus indicus Leaves Wastes Briquette with Rejected Papaya as Binding Agent

Pterocarpus indicus is a plant commonly found in Indonesia and it produces wastes from its leaves falling. Earlier investigation indicated that transforming these leaves into briquette could clean them and provide a new source of energy. However, the use of tapioca as binding agent in the previous study may be criticized for affecting the food availability as it is edible. To solve this issue, tapioca is substituted with rejected papaya. The briquette was then investigated to find out the best manufacturing parameters and its viability as a sustainable fuel. The optimum ratio of Ptercarpus indicus leaves waste and rejected papaya, which yield calorific value of 4338.79 Kcal/kg, is found to be 95% and 5%, respectively. Proximate and ultimate analyses corroborate the use of this briquette. Investigation of four combustion parameters (ignition time, flame temperature, combustion rate, and burning time) indicates that the best briquette is manufactured with biomass of 60 mesh size or 250 urn and compacted with hydraulic pressure of 2 MPa

Combustion performance of Pterocarpus indicus leaves wastes briquette with rejected papaya as binding agent

Pterocarpus indicus is a plant commonly found in Indonesia and it produces Pterocarpus indicus from its leaves falling. Earlier investigation indicated that transforming these leaves into briquette could clean them and provide a new source of energy. However, the use of tapioca as binding agent in the previous study may be criticized for affecting the food availability as it is edible. To solve this issue, tapioca is substituted with rejected papaya. The briquette was then investigated to find out the best manufacturing parameters and its viability as a sustainable fuel. The optimum ratio of Ptercarpus indicus leaves waste and rejected papaya, which yield calorific value of 4338.79 Kcal/kg, is found to be 95% and 5%, respectively. Proximate and ultimate analyses corroborate the use of this briquette. Investigation of four combustion parameters (ignition time, flame temperature, combustion rate, and burning time) indicates that the best briquette is manufactured with biomass of 60 mesh size or 250 μm and compacted with hydraulic pressure of 2 MPa

The Role of Eucalyptus Oil in Crude Palm Oil As Biodiesel Fuel

Utilization of crude palm oils (CPO) as biodiesel faces difficulty due to their high level of viscosity. Mixing crude eucalyptus oils (CEO) with CPO may reduce the viscosity due to the presence of aromatic compounds in CEO. The single droplet analysis was performed to determine the characteristics of mixing CPO with the CEO. The results showed that the addition of CEO decreased the viscosity due to the presence of intermolecular attractions, thereby leading to more active molecules in the CPO-CEO mixture. Furthermore, the aromatic compound in the CEO helped in decreasing the CPO flash point, while the aromatic compound in the triglyceride molecule weakens the bonds between molecules. The addition of CEO to CPO tends to reduce the ignition delay due to the presence of cineol content in the CEO, which weakens the van der Waals bond in CPO

Analysis of the Spray Characteristics of Water and Water/Glycerin Mixtures using an Interferometric Laser Imaging for Droplet Sizing Technique

Injection characteristics play an important role in the emission and overall thermal efficiency of an engine. Several methods have been proposed for analyzing different fuel injection characteristics. This study focused on the interferometric laser imaging for droplet sizing (ILIDS) technique to investigate the effects of droplet size and velocity under different conditions of waterglycerin mixtures. These effects were evaluated using intermittent spray flows in both ambient and pressurized constant volume spray chamber conditions. The initial results were compared to those reported by previous studies and used to determine the Sauter mean diameter (SMD), arithmetic mean diameter (AMD), droplet velocity, and probability density function of the spray droplet size. SMD and AMD tended to decrease as the plate temperature, injection pressure, and viscosity were increased at specific observation areas. The average velocity of the droplet increased with higher plate temperature and injection pressure at specific observation areas. The distribution of the smaller droplet increased with higher plate temperature and injection pressure. For the waterglycerin mixture, as the glycerin ratio increased, more viscous droplets were created. This was followed in higher nozzle shear force at the outlet of the fuel injector, which decreased the particle size and generated more atomized fuel sprays. This result can enable the reduction in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions from internal combustion engines

INVESTIGATION ON BIOMASS BRIQUETTE FROM Cerbera manghas WASTE TWIGS AS RENEWABLEENERGY SOURCE

Indonesia is a tropical nation that has numerous assortments of plants. However, these resources have not been utilized perfectly as assets. One of the plants that are frequently seen in Indonesia is Cerberamanghas. Cerberamanghas is known as one of the trees that have strong roots and it is generally utilized for greening in Surabaya. Although used as shading trees and to decrease air contamination in urban regions, squanders from the twigs of this plant turn into a significant issue for the cleanliness of the city. To tackle this problem, the waste from the falling twigs can be utilized as briquettes when handled well. This study intended to research the capability of Cerberamanghas twigs wastes to be utilized as biomass briquettes and also to assess the properties of the briquettes. The proximate and ultimate analysis examinations were conducted to obtain the property of the briquettes. The influence of tapioca percentage in briquette to the calorific value of the biomass briquettes was also obtained in this study. Calorific values of five blends with different tapioca mixtures of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% were assessed by using oxygen bomb calorimeter. The outcomes of the study suggest that the biomass briquettes made of waste Cerberamanghas twigs can be made by utilizing tapioca as a binder. The more prominent the rate of the mass of tapioca in the briquettes, the lower calorific value obtained in briquette. Biomass briquettes made of waste Cerberamanghas twigs can be made into a source of manageable energy with the ideal mixtures of 90% Cerberamanghas waste twigs and 10% tapioca

Experimental Investigation of Avocado Seed Oil Utilization in Diesel Engine Performance

Avocado (Persea americana Mill) is a popular fruit in Indonesia. Its popularity leads to high consumption of this fruit and wastes from its seed. In order to develop renewable energy and reducing wastes in the environment, P. americana seed may be extracted for its oil to create biodiesel fuel. In this study, P. americana seed is obtained through the soxhlet apparatus and transesterification process. After obtaining P. americana seed oil, the oil was mixed with pure petro-diesel with a ratio of 10:90 (B10 fuel) and 20:80 (B20 fuel), respectively. These fuels were tested for their fuel characteristics and engine performances, together with pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel. The fuel characteristics results suggest positive characteristics of B10 and B20 compared to other fuels. For engine performance tests, B10 and B20 fuels have less engine performance than other fuels. However, the differences between these fuels results are small. Overall, the positive aspect of B10 and B20 fuels supersede small disadvantages they have and thus suitable to substitute pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel

Investigation of briquette derived from Pterocarpus indicus leaves and rejected pineapples as inedible sources of renewable energy

The previous studies have shown the potential of using Pterocarpus indicus leaves, which are wastes, as biomass material for briquette production. However, the use of tapioca as a binder may negatively affect the availability of food resources. An alternative to tapioca was proposed in this study by substituting it with rejected pineapples which are considered as wastes. Series of investigations were conducted to understand the potential of briquette made of Pterocarpus indicus leaves with rejected pineapple as the binder. The investigations included bomb calorimeter test to determine the proportion of biomass to the binder that generates the highest calorific value, the proximate and ultimate analyses, and the investigation of optimum particle size of biomass and condensing pressure related to the briquette�s combustion characteristics. The results showed that 95% biomass and 5% binder to have the largest calorific value of 4169.76 kcal kg-1. Results from both proximate and ultimate analyses endorse the use of rejected pineapple as a substitute for tapioca binder. Briquette with the optimal combustion characteristics was obtained with condensing pressure of 2 MPa and biomass size of 60 mesh (250 μm)

Sustainable product development of biomass briquette from Samanea saman leaf waste with rejected papaya as the binding agent in Indonesia

The depletion of solid fuels in the world triggers the requirement for the existence of an alternative fuel product as a substitute. In several studies, briquettes have become one of the alternatives used to deal with this problem. However, the selection of briquette material that considers its impact on economic, social, and environmental aspects has not been widely carried out. To solve this problem, the selection of raw materials for briquettes must be determined using the concept of sustainable product development (SPD). SPD is a concept that can be used to determine a new product by considering various aspects, including economic, environmental, and social aspects. Briquette fuel that is derived from leaf waste and rejected fruit as a binding agent can be an alternative to renewable solid fuels since the raw materials come from wastes that have no selling value. The methodology used in this research is by conducting a survey at five markets in Surabaya and proceeding with interviews with the local government official. Pugh Matrix Concept Selection (PMCS) method is used to determine the suitable raw materials and to analyze the sustainability of the product development. Through PMCS, the results show that the best material for briquette production based on economic, social, and environmental aspects is a mixture of Samanea saman leaf waste with a 12.83 rating value and rejected papaya as the binding agent with a 10.44 rating value. Briquette with a mixture of 95% Samanea saman leaf waste and 5% rejected papaya is produced with a mesh size of 60 or 250 μm and a compression pressure of 2 MPa and is identified to have a heating value of 4025.87 Kcal/Kg

Combustion characteristics behavior of Pterocarpus indicus leaves waste briquette at various particle size and pressure

As one of the countries with a high variety of plant species, Indonesia becomes a potential source for biomass fuel. One plant that commonly found in the street of Surabaya, Indonesia is Pterocarpus indicus. The plant exists in large number and produced litters from its leaves waste. The litters negatively affect Surabaya city cleanliness. The previous study suggested a solution for this problem is by converting these litters into biomass fuel in the form of briquette. The solution may help this problem by reducing the wastes in Surabaya street and avoiding unnecessary handling of these wastes by burning or burying. In order to maximize the potential of Pterocarpus indicus leaves waste briquette, two primary parameters of briquette production were investigated in this study. These parameters are particle size of briquette and pressure used for compacting the briquette. This study used four burning characteristics (flame temperature, ignition time, burning time and combustion rate) to determine the best particle size and pressure to obtain the highest quality of briquette. The result of the study indicates Pterocarpus indicus produced with particle size of 60 mesh and compacting pressure of 2 MPa yield the best quality of briquette

Biomass Briquette Investigation from Pterocarpus Indicus Twigs Waste as an Alternative Renewable Energy

Pterocarpus indicus are commonly utilized as greening and found in Surabaya city. Since this plant exists in large number, its fallen twigs become waste and aggravating the cleanliness of the Surabaya city. This study has investigated the possibility to utilize Pterocarpus indicus twigs waste as a renewable energy source. The study investigated the effect of tapioca (binding material) proportion toward the calorific value of briquette. The investigation was conducted using biomass composition ranges from 50% to 90% with 10% increase for each trial. The result suggests that the 90% biomass material-10% binding materials blends are the ideal composition for Pterocarpus indicus twigs waste briquette. Afterward, proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted to determine the viability of Pterocarpus indicus twigs waste as fuel. Another investigation was also conducted to discover the effect of particle size and compacting pressure on briquette quality. The parameters used for assessing briquette quality include flame temperature, ignition time, burning time, and combustion rate. The result suggested that the value of flame temperature, ignition time and burning time increase with the increase of compacting pressure and smaller particle size. Combustion rate dropped as the pressure increase and particle size reduced. The best quality for briquettes of Pterocarpus indicus is acquired with a particle size of 60 mesh and compacting pressure of 2 MPa, which have a flame temperature of 515 °C, ignition time 251 seconds, burning time of 6590 seconds, and a combustion rate of 0.00303 gr/seconds