352 research outputs found
Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on feeding stimulated by centrally administered opioid agonists
The potencies of several opioid agonists are reduced in diabetic animals and in animals made hyperglycemic via injections of glucose. In this report we examined the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the feeding responses to centrally administered opioid agonists with differing receptor selectivities. The selective mu receptor agonist Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-Gly-ol (DAGO) caused a larger increase in intake in diabetic rats than in controls. In both groups feeding responses were greater on the fourth day of daily injections than on the first day. The delta receptor agonist [D-Ser2,Leu5]-enkephalin-Thr6 (DSLET) stimulated intake in controls but not in diabetics. However, the elevated baseline and large variability in intake of the diabetics in this experiment prevent drawing a conclusion on diabetes-induced changes in the potency of this peptide. No differences between controls and diabetics were apparent in the feeding responses to U50,488H, a selective kappa receptor agonist. These data suggest that diabetes may differentially affect the classes of opioid receptors or the binding of ligands to these receptors.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/28109/1/0000558.pd
Recommended from our members
Precision Dual-Aquifer Dewatering at a Low Level Radiological Cleanup in New Jersey
Cleanup of low-level radioactive wastes at the Wayne Interim Storage Site (WISS), Wayne, New Jersey during the period October, 2000 through November, 2001 required the design, installation and operation of a dual-aquifer dewatering system to support excavation of contaminated soils. Waste disposal pits from a former rare-earth processing facility at the WISS had been in contact with the water table aquifer, resulting in moderate levels of radionuclides being present in the upper aquifer groundwater. An uncontaminated artesian aquifer underlies the water table aquifer, and is a localized drinking water supply source. The lower aquifer, confined by a silty clay unit, is flowing artesian and exhibits potentiometric heads of up to 4.5 meters above grade. This high potentiometric head presented a strong possibility that unloading due to excavation would result in a ''blowout'', particularly in areas where the confining unit was < 1 meter thick. Excavation of contaminated materials w as required down to the surface of the confining unit, potentially resulting in an artesian aquifer head of greater than 8 meters above the excavation surface. Consequently, it was determined that a dual-aquifer dewatering system would be required to permit excavation of contaminated material, with the water table aquifer dewatered to facilitate excavation, and the deep aquifer depressurized to prevent a ''blowout''. An additional concern was the potential for vertical migration of contamination present in the water table aquifer that could result from a vertical gradient reversal caused by excessive pumping in the confined system. With these considerations in mind, a conceptual dewatering plan was developed with three major goals: (1) dewater the water table aquifer to control radionuclide migration and allow excavation to proceed; (2) depressurize the lower, artesian aquifer to reduce the potential for a ''blowout''; and (3) develop a precise dewatering level control mechanism to insure a vertical gradient reversal did not result in cross-contamination. The plan was executed through a hydrogeologic investigation culminating with the design and implementation of a complex, multi-phased dual-aquifer dewatering system equipped with a state of the art monitoring network
Publisher Correction: Non-invasive assessment of exfoliated kidney cells extracted from urine using multispectral autofluorescence features (Scientific Reports, (2021), 11, 1, (10655), 10.1038/s41598-021-89758-4)
In the original version of this Article Saabah B. Mahbub and Long T. Nguyen were omitted as equally contributing authors. Additionally, Sonia Saad and Ewa M. Goldys were omitted as jointly supervised authors. This error has now been corrected in the PDF version of the Article; the HTML version was correct from the time of publication
Behavioral effects of corticotropin-releasing factor: localization and characterization of central effects
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has potent behavioral effects when administered intracerebroventricularly to rats. CRF and its receptors are found in an uneven distribution in the brain. In an effort to localize the site of the anorectic effect of CRF, exogenous CRF or saline was injected into cannulas directed toward the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, globus pallidus, or striatum of rats. CRF decreased food intake only when injected into the PVN. In subsequent experiments PVN injections of CRF were shown to (1) increase grooming and movement; (2) not induce a conditioned taste aversion to saccharin in a single bottle test; and (3) inhibit the increase in feeding induced by injections of norepinephrine into the PVN. These results suggest that CRF induces not only anorexia, but also increased movement and grooming by action in the PVN.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27370/1/0000396.pd
Non-destructive, label free identification of cell cycle phase in cancer cells by multispectral microscopy of autofluorescence
Background: Cell cycle analysis is important for cancer research. However, available methodologies have drawbacks including limited categorisation and reliance on fixation, staining or transformation. Multispectral analysis of endogenous cell autofluorescence has been shown to be sensitive to changes in cell status and could be applied to the discrimination of cell cycle without these steps. Methods: Cells from the MIA-PaCa-2, PANC-1, and HeLa cell lines were plated on gridded dishes and imaged using a multispectral fluorescence microscope. They were then stained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and DNA intensity as a reference standard for their cell cycle position (G1, S, G2, M). The multispectral data was split into training and testing datasets and models were generated to discriminate between G1, S, and G2 + M phase cells. A standard decision tree classification approach was taken, and a two-step system was generated for each line. Results: Across cancer cell lines accuracy ranged from 68.3% (MIA-PaCa-2) to 73.3% (HeLa) for distinguishing G1 from S and G2 + M, and 69.0% (MIA-PaCa-2) to 78.0% (PANC1) for distinguishing S from G2 + M. Unmixing the multispectral data showed that the autofluorophores NADH, FAD, and PPIX had significant differences between phases. Similarly, the redox ratio and the ratio of protein bound to free NADH were significantly affected. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that multispectral microscopy could be used for the non-destructive, label free discrimination of cell cycle phase in cancer cells. They provide novel information on the mechanisms of cell-cycle progression and control, and have practical implications for oncology research.Jared M. Campbell, Abbas Habibalahi, Saabah Mahbub, Martin Gosnell, Ayad G. Anwer, Sharon Paton, Stan Gronthos and Ewa Goldy
Balancing stability and flexibility in adaptive governance: an analysis of tools available in U.S. environmental law
Adaptive governance must work “on the ground,” that is, it must operate through structures and procedures that the people it governs perceive to be legitimate and fair, as well as incorporating processes and substantive goals that are effective in allowing social-ecological systems (SESs) to adapt to climate change and other impacts. To address the continuing and accelerating alterations that climate change is bringing to SESs, adaptive governance generally will require more flexibility than prior governance institutions have often allowed. However, to function as good governance, adaptive governance must pay real attention to the problem of how to balance this increased need for flexibility with continuing governance stability so that it can foster adaptation to change without being perceived or experienced as perpetually destabilizing, disruptive, and unfair. Flexibility and stability serve different purposes in governance, and a variety of tools exist to strike different balances between them while still preserving the governance institution’s legitimacy among the people governed. After reviewing those purposes and the implications of climate change for environmental governance, we examine psychological insights into the structuring of adaptive governance and the variety of legal tools available to incorporate those insights into adaptive governance regimes. Because the substantive goals of governance systems will differ among specific systems, we do not purport to comment on what the normative or substantive goals of law should be. Instead, we conclude that attention to process and procedure (including participation), as well as increased use of substantive standards (instead of rules), may allow an increased level of substantive flexibility to operate with legitimacy and fairness, providing the requisite levels of psychological, social, and economic stability needed for communities to adapt successfully to the Anthropocene
The Blue Stragglers of the Old Open Cluster NGC 188
The old (7 Gyr) open cluster NGC 188 has yielded a wealth of astrophysical
insight into its rich blue straggler population. Specifically, the NGC 188 blue
stragglers are characterized by: A binary frequency of 80% for orbital periods
less than days;Typical orbital periods around 1000 days;Typical
secondary star masses of 0.5 M; At least some white dwarf companion
stars; Modestly rapid rotation; A bimodal radial spatial distribution;
Dynamical masses greater than standard stellar evolution masses (based on
short-period binaries); Under-luminosity for dynamical masses (short-period
binaries). Extensive -body modeling of NGC 188 with empirical initial
conditions reproduces the properties of the cluster, and in particular the
main-sequence solar-type binary population. The current models also reproduce
well the binary orbital properties of the blue stragglers, but fall well short
of producing the observed number of blue stragglers. This deficit could be
resolved by reducing the frequency of common-envelope evolution during Roche
lobe overflow. Both the observations and the -body models strongly indicate
that the long-period blue-straggler binaries - which dominate the NGC 188 blue
straggler population - are formed by asymptotic-giant (primarily) and red-giant
mass transfer onto main sequence stars. The models suggest that the few
non-velocity-variable blue stragglers formed from mergers or collisions.
Several remarkable short-period double-lined binaries point to the importance
of subsequent dynamical exchange encounters, and provide at least one example
of a likely collisional origin for a blue straggler.Comment: Chapter 3, in Ecology of Blue Straggler Stars, H.M.J. Boffin, G.
Carraro & G. Beccari (Eds), Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Springe
Group Incentives and Rational Voting
Our model describes competition between groups driven by the choices of
self-interested voters within groups. Within a Poisson voting environment,
parties observe aggregate support from groups and can allocate prizes or
punishments to them. In a tournament style analysis, the model characterizes
how contingent allocation of prizes based on relative levels of support affects
equilibrium voting behavior. In addition to standard notions of pivotality,
voters influence the distribution of prizes across groups. Such prize
pivotality supports positive voter turnout even in non-competitive electoral
settings. The analysis shows that competition for a prize awarded to the most
supportive group is only stable when two groups actively support a party.
However, competition among groups to avoid punishment is stable in environments
with any number of groups. We conclude by examining implications for endogenous
group formation and how politicians structure the allocation of rewards and
punishments.Comment: 34 pages, 1 figur
Embalmed heads of the Celtic Iron Age in the south of France
Ancient texts described that one of the most impressive ritual practices of the Celts during the Iron Age was to remove the heads of enemies killed in battle and to embalm them for display in front of the victors dwellings. An archaeological settlement excavation site in Le Cailar, in southern France, has revealed a considerable number of examples of this practice. It was documented by Classical authors and later by the archaeological recording of iconographic representations and skeletal remains of human heads. Weapons were also exhibited alongside the severed heads. Here we report the results of chemical investigations for the characterization of the biomarkers of embalming that are likely to be present in eleven fragments of these human cranial remains. These results may lead to answers to some of the archaeometric questions related to the subject of embalming in 3rd century BC Transalpine Gaul, thus advancing the knowledge of these ritual practices, documented by Greek Classical authors as part of the wider research into the proto-historic societies of the Mediterranean coastal region
Balancing stability and flexibility in adaptive governance: an analysis of tools available in U.S. environmental law
Adaptive governance must work “on the ground,” that is, it must operate through structures and procedures that the people it governs perceive to be legitimate and fair, as well as incorporating processes and substantive goals that are effective in allowing social-ecological systems (SESs) to adapt to climate change and other impacts. To address the continuing and accelerating alterations that climate change is bringing to SESs, adaptive governance generally will require more flexibility than prior governance institutions have often allowed. However, to function as good governance, adaptive governance must pay real attention to the problem of how to balance this increased need for flexibility with continuing governance stability so that it can foster adaptation to change without being perceived or experienced as perpetually destabilizing, disruptive, and unfair. Flexibility and stability serve different purposes in governance, and a variety of tools exist to strike different balances between them while still preserving the governance institution’s legitimacy among the people governed. After reviewing those purposes and the implications of climate change for environmental governance, we examine psychological insights into the structuring of adaptive governance and the variety of legal tools available to incorporate those insights into adaptive governance regimes. Because the substantive goals of governance systems will differ among specific systems, we do not purport to comment on what the normative or substantive goals of law should be. Instead, we conclude that attention to process and procedure (including participation), as well as increased use of substantive standards (instead of rules), may allow an increased level of substantive flexibility to operate with legitimacy and fairness, providing the requisite levels of psychological, social, and economic stability needed for communities to adapt successfully to the Anthropocene
- …