Cognitive style modulates semantic interference effects: evidence from field dependency

The so-called semantic interference effect is a delay in selecting an appropriate target word in a context where semantic neighbours are strongly activated. Semantic interference effect has been described to vary from one individual to another. These differences in the susceptibility to semantic interference may be due to either differences in the ability to engage in lexical-specific selection mechanisms or to differences in the ability to engage more general, top-down inhibition mechanisms which suppress unwanted responses based on task-demands. However, semantic interference may also be modulated by an individual’s disposition to separate relevant perceptual signals from noise, such as a field-independent (FI) or a field-dependent (FD) cognitive style. We investigated the relationship between semantic interference in picture naming and in an STM probe task and both the ability to inhibit responses top-down (measured through a Stroop task) and a FI/FD cognitive style measured through the embedded figures test (EFT). We found a significant relationship between semantic interference in picture naming and cognitive style—with semantic interference increasing as a function of the degree of field dependence—but no associations with the semantic probe and the Stroop task. Our results suggest that semantic interference can be modulated by cognitive style, but not by differences in the ability to engage top-down control mechanisms, at least as measured by the Stroop task

Correlação entre o padrão de expressão tecidual e os valores séricos do antígeno carcinoembrionário em doentes com câncer colorretal

A correlação entre diferentes padrões de expressão celular do CEA e a quantificação sérica do antígeno é assunto controvertido. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se o padrão de distribuição tecidual do CEA no carcinoma colorretal, se correlaciona com seus níveis séricos. MÉTODO: Estudaram-se 24 pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma colorretal, com média de idade de 62,6 anos. A mensuração sérica foi realizada por quimioluminescência. No estudo do padrão de distribuição tecidual empregou-se método imunoistoquímico com a técnica da estreptavidina-biotina peroxidase, utilizando anticorpos monoclonais anti-CEA. O padrão de expressão tecidual foi classificado em apical, citoplasmático e estromal, segundo a localização predominante do CEA. A intensidade da imunoexpressão foi classificada em leve, moderada e forte. Empregou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney na comparação dos níveis de CEA sérico, segundo o padrão de distribuição tecidual e o grau histológico do tumor, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para análise de variância e o teste de Spearman para avaliação da correlação entre as variáveis estudadas, adotando-se nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: Dois (8,3%) doentes foram classificados no estádio A de Dukes, 12 (50,0%) no B e 10 (41,6%) no C. Os valores médios do CEA sérico nos doentes com tumores restritos à parede intestinal (A e B de Dukes) foram significativamente menores que os dos doentes com comprometimento linfonodal (p = 0,0139). Nos 14 (58,3%) enfermos com padrão apical de distribuição o valor médio de CEA sérico era de 4,0 ng/ml, enquanto nos 10 (41,6%) em que havia expressão do tipo citoplasmática o valor médio do CEA sérico era de 31,0 ng/ml (p = 0,0002). Independente da graduação histológica, tumores com expressão tecidual do tipo apical apresentavam valores séricos do CEA significativamente menores do que tumores com padrão citoplasmático (p<0.05) Não se encontrou padrão estromal de distribuição. Houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre o padrão de distribuição tecidual, valores séricos do CEA e a classificação de Dukes. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados do presente estudo permitem concluir que tumores com padrão de distribuição tecidual citoplasmática cursam com valores séricos de CEA significativamente mais elevados que tumores com padrão de distribuição apical. Existe correlação positiva e estatisticamente significante, entre os diferentes padrões de distribuição celular do CEA, seus níveis séricos e o estadiamento da doença.<br>The correlation between different cell expression patterns of CEA and the quantities of this antigen in serum is still a controversial subject. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to verify whether there is a correlation between the distribution pattern of CEA in the neoplastic tissue and CEA levels in serum. METHOD: Twenty-four patients with colorectal cancer were studied. Their mean age was 62.6 years. The measurement of CEA in serum was done by quimioluminiscence technique. To study the tissue expression pattern, the immunohistochemical method with the streptavidin-biotin peroxidase technique was utilized with the use of anti-CEA monoclonal antibodies. The tissue expression pattern was classified as apical, cytoplasmic or stromal, according to the predominant localization of the CEA distribution in the neoplastic tissue. The intensity of the immunoexpression of CEA in the neoplastic tissue was classified as slight, moderate or strong. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the CEA levels in serum with the tissue distribution pattern and histological tumor grade. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to variance analysis and Spearman test was used to analyze the correlation among the studied variables. The significance level of 5% (p<0.05) was adopted. RESULTS: Two patients (8.3%) were classified in Dukes stage A, 12 (50.0%) in B and 10 (41.6%) in C. The mean CEA values in serum in patients with tumors restricted to the intestinal wall (Dukes A + B) were significantly lower than did the tumors with lymph node involvement (p=0.0139). In the 14 patients (58.3%) who presented an apical tissue expression pattern, the mean CEA value in serum was 4.0 ng/ml, while in the 10 patients (41.6%) with expression of cytoplasmic type, the mean CEA value in serum was 31.0 ng/ml (p=0.0002). Independent of the histological grade, the tumors with tissue expression of apical type presented CEA values in serum that were significantly lower than did the tumors with the cytoplasmic pattern (p<0.05). No patients were found to have the stromal pattern of CEA distribution. There was a statistically significant correlation between the tissue expression pattern, CEA values in serum and the Dukes classification. CONCLUSION: The results from the present study allow concluding that tumors with the cytoplasmic pattern of CEA distribution presented serum values of the antigen significantly higher than apical pattern. There is a positive and statistically significant correlation between the different cell distribution patterns of CEA, its levels in serum and the staging of the disease