Diabetes mellitus and mortality from all-causes, cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disease: Evidence from the Health Survey for England and Scottish Health Survey cohorts.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with differing rates of all-cause and cause-specific mortality compared with the general population; although the strength of these associations requires further investigation. The effects of confounding factors, such as overweight and obesity and the presence of co-morbid cardiovascular disease (CVD), upon such associations also remain unclear. There is thus a need for studies which utilise data from nationally-representative samples to explore these associations further

Epidemiological evidence of a relationship between type-1 diabetes mellitus and cancer: a review of the existing literature.

This review explores the epidemiological evidence relating to type-1 diabetes (T1DM) and cancer incidence and mortality. Mortality rates among those with T1DM are higher in every age group compared with the general population; the majority of this mortality is due to factors related to the consequences of diabetes, such as cardiovascular and renal disease. For over 100 years, researchers have explored the relationships between diabetes and cancer and although there is now a large body of work on the subject, consensus has not been reached. Such research has tended to focus upon type-2 diabetes, with the result that very little is known about T1DM and cancer. As incidence of T1DM increases, by around 3% annually among children, the need for further research into its impact upon cancer incidence and mortality increases. Within this review, findings varied by study method utilised, T1DM definition used and study region and outcome measure explored. None of the case-control studies found a statistically significant link between the two diseases, whereas both of the meta-analyses did. Cohort studies produced mixed results. There were also mixed findings among research that defined T1DM in the same way (e.g. defining individuals with the disease as those diagnosed with diabetes before 30 years of age). The review found a number of studies which explored cause-specific cancer mortality among those with diabetes; such studies also had mixed findings. This inconsistency within results suggests the need for further research to understand better the potential relationships between T1DM and cancer

Impaired Glucose Metabolism among Those with and without Diagnosed Diabetes and Mortality: A Cohort Study Using Health Survey for England Data.

The extent that controlled diabetes impacts upon mortality, compared with uncontrolled diabetes, and how pre-diabetes alters mortality risk remain issues requiring clarification

Post-diagnosis adiposity, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, dietary factors, supplement use and colorectal cancer prognosis: Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) summary of evidence grading

\ua9 2024 The Authors. International Journal of Cancer published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of UICC. Based on the World Cancer Research Fund Global Cancer Update Programme, we performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses to investigate the association of post-diagnosis adiposity, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and dietary factors with colorectal cancer prognosis. We searched PubMed and Embase until 28th February, 2022. An independent expert committee and expert panel graded the quality of evidence. A total of 167 unique publications were reviewed, and all but five were observational studies. The quality of the evidence was graded conservatively due to the high risk of several biases. There was evidence of non-linearity in the associations between body mass index and colorectal cancer prognosis. The associations appeared reverse J-shaped, and the quality of this evidence was graded as limited (likelihood of causality: limited-no conclusion). The evidence on recreational physical activity and lower risk of all-cause mortality (relative risk [RR] highest vs. lowest: 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62–0.77) and recurrence/disease-free survival (RR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70–0.92) was graded as limited-suggestive. There was limited-suggestive evidence for the associations between healthy dietary and/or lifestyle patterns (including diets that comprised plant-based foods), intake of whole grains and coffee with lower risk of all-cause mortality, and between unhealthy dietary patterns and intake of sugary drinks with higher risk of all-cause mortality. The evidence for other exposures on colorectal cancer outcomes was sparse and graded as limited-no conclusion. Analyses were conducted excluding cancer patients with metastases without substantial changes in the findings. Well-designed intervention and cohort studies are needed to support the development of lifestyle recommendations for colorectal cancer patients