The Talairach coordinates of the selected ROIs in DMN, HCMN, DAN and FPCN. The abbreviations are as described in the main text.

<p>The Talairach coordinates of the selected ROIs in DMN, HCMN, DAN and FPCN. The abbreviations are as described in the main text.</p

Between group differences of causal connectivity: NC>aMCI.

<p>The arrow of the significant causal paths represents the direction of the information flow, and the thickness represents the strength of the causal connectivity.</p

Pathways (Blue = NC>aMCI; Red = aMCI>NC) showed significant correlation between causal connectivity and neuropsychological measures (including MMSE and CVLT) in aMCI group, and scatter plots of these associations.

<p>Pathways (Blue = NC>aMCI; Red = aMCI>NC) showed significant correlation between causal connectivity and neuropsychological measures (including MMSE and CVLT) in aMCI group, and scatter plots of these associations.</p

The spatial distributions of 33 ROIs from DMN, HCMN, DAN and FPCN.

<p>The coordinates of ROIs are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088476#pone-0088476-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. The abbreviations are as described in the main text.</p

The regions of interest defined from task activations.

<p>*Coordinates reported in AFNI format (<a href="http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/afni/doc/faq/59" target="_blank">http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/afni/doc/faq/59</a>).</p

The evolving performance of the RCE-SVM classifier with decreasing number of features derived from: top left- behavioral data obtained from a working memory task with emotional distracters, top middle- resting state BOLD intensities from 9 ROIs, top right- beta values from 9 ROIs for 4 task activation conditions, bottom left- Pearson's correlation between 9 ROIs during task, bottom middle- instantaneous influence from our model during task, bottom right- instantaneous + causal influence from our model during task.

<p>The evolving performance of the RCE-SVM classifier with decreasing number of features derived from: top left- behavioral data obtained from a working memory task with emotional distracters, top middle- resting state BOLD intensities from 9 ROIs, top right- beta values from 9 ROIs for 4 task activation conditions, bottom left- Pearson's correlation between 9 ROIs during task, bottom middle- instantaneous influence from our model during task, bottom right- instantaneous + causal influence from our model during task.</p

Maximum accuracy and important features for different metrics.

<p>Maximum accuracy and important features for different metrics.</p

The evolving performance of the RCE-SVM classifier with decreasing number of features derived from: top row – data regressed with CSF and white matter time series, bottom row – data not regressed with CSF/WM time series, left column – Pearson's correlation from resting data, middle column – instantaneous influence from our model from resting data, right column – instantaneous and causal influence from our model from resting data.

<p>The evolving performance of the RCE-SVM classifier with decreasing number of features derived from: top row – data regressed with CSF and white matter time series, bottom row – data not regressed with CSF/WM time series, left column – Pearson's correlation from resting data, middle column – instantaneous influence from our model from resting data, right column – instantaneous and causal influence from our model from resting data.</p

Comparisons of fitted time series obtained from the GLM for ROIs in awake dogs.

<p>The ROIs are in brain regions that were activated by low and high odor concentration, as well as parametric modulation by odor intensity in awake dogs. These regions are olfactory bulb and cerebellum, which are shown in bold face in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086362#pone-0086362-t003" target="_blank">Tables 3</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086362#pone-0086362-t004" target="_blank">4</a>, and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086362#pone-0086362-t006" target="_blank">6</a>. In each of these regions, the ROI was determined by a sphere which centers at the peak activation of parametric modulation and has a radius of 2 mm. Fitted time series for low concentration are shown in blue, and high concentration in red.</p

A black dog positioned with muzzle in mask for odorant delivery.

<p>The dot reflector is mounted to dog's head for motion tracking, the knee coil encompasses the dog's head and the mask is mounted on the front frame of the knee coil.</p