Millimeter Wave Scattering from Neutral and Charged Water Droplets

We investigated 94GHz millimeter wave (MMW) scattering from neutral and charged water mist produced in the laboratory with an ultrasonic atomizer. Diffusion charging of the mist was accomplished with a negative ion generator (NIG). We observed increased forward and backscattering of MMW from charged mist, as compared to MMW scattering from an uncharged mist. In order to interpret the experimental results, we developed a model based on classical electrodynamics theory of scattering from a dielectric sphere with diffusion-deposited mobile surface charge. In this approach, scattering and extinction cross-sections are calculated for a charged Rayleigh particle with effective dielectric constant consisting of the volume dielectric function of the neutral sphere and surface dielectric function due to the oscillation of the surface charge in the presence of applied electric field. For small droplets with (radius smaller than 100nm), this model predicts increased MMW scattering from charged mist, which is qualitatively consistent with the experimental observations. The objective of this work is to develop indirect remote sensing of radioactive gases via their charging action on atmospheric humid air.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figure

Near-field millimeter - wave imaging of nonmetallic materials

A near-field millimeter-wave (mm-wave) imaging system has been designed and built in the 94-GHz range for on-line inspection of nonmetallic (dielectric) materials. The imaging system consists of a transceiver block coupled to an antenna that scans the material to be imaged; a reflector plate is placed behind the material. A quadrature IF mixer in the transceiver block enables measurement of in-phase and quadrature-phase components of reflected signals with respect to the transmitted signal. All transceiver components, with the exception of the Gunn-diode oscillator and antenna, were fabricated in uniform blocks and integrated and packaged into a compact unit (12.7 x 10.2 x 2.5 cm). The objective of this work is to test the applicability of a near-field compact mm-wave sensor for on-line inspection of sheetlike materials such as paper, fabrics, and plastics. This paper presents initial near-field mm-wave images of paper and fabric samples containing known artifacts

Open-path millimeter-wave spectroscopy in the 225--315 GHz range

This paper discusses the development of an open-path millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectroscopy system in the 225--315 GHz atmospheric window. The new system is primarily a monostatic swept-frequency radar consisting of a mm-wave sweeper, hot-electron-bolometer or Schottky detector, and trihedral reflector. The heart of the system is a Russian backward-wave oscillator (BWO) tube that is tunable over 225--350 GHz. A mm-wave sweeper has been built with the BWO tube to sweep the entire frequency range within 1 s. The chemical plume to be detected is situated between the transmitter/receiver and the reflector. Millimeter-wave absorption spectra of chemicals in the plume are determined by measuring swept-frequency radar signals with and without the plume in the beam path. Because of power supply noise and thermal instabilities within the BWO structure over time, the BWO frequencies fluctuate between sweeps and thus cause errors in baseline subtraction. To reduce this frequency-jitter problem, a quasi-optical Fabry-Perot cavity is used in conjunction with the radar for on-line calibration of sweep traces, allowing excellent baseline subtraction and signal averaging. Initial results of the new system are given for open-path detection of chemicals

Quantitative MRI Measurement of Binder Distributions in Green-State Ceramics

Development of reliable and improved structural ceramics for advanced heat engines and other applications requires process diagnostics and materials evaluation from powder preparation to green-body forming to final sintering. Injection molding is a promising processing method being developed for mass production of complex-shaped heat engine components such as turbochargers (rotors and stator vanes) and engine valves. Major processing steps in injection-molded ceramic manufacturing include preparation of ceramic powders and organic binders, mixing, molding, binder removal, sintering, and finishing [1]. While materials evaluation and diagnostics are needed throughout the process, it is particularly important to evaluate the distributions of binders/plasticizers in as-molded green bodies [2]. Poor distribution of these organics in a green body can lead to a final part that is defective or that has poor mechanical properties after it is sintered

Determining bonding quality in polymer composites with a millimeter wave sensor

Microwave nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques offer alternative solutions to other conventional NDT methods. Microwave/millimeter wave (determined roughly to cover 0.3 to 300 GHz) techniques are particularly useful for examination of dielectric composite materials that their low dielectric losses provide good depth of penetration of electromagnetic radiation in this band. Limitations associated with conventional NDT techniques such as high frequency ultrasonic testing (UT), namely, large variations in elastic properties of low density composite materials cause interpretation of complex UT signals difficult. Further, criticality of coupling of transducer to the sample surface limits the use of such techniques for on-line applications. High frequency microwave (millimeter waves, 30--300 GHz) systems compared to their low frequency counterparts offer higher resolution and sensitivity to variations in dielectric properties of low-loss composites. Further, higher frequencies render utilization of more compact systems which are often important for practical applications. A millimeter wave sensor is described in this work which can be utilized for non-contact NDT of a wide range of thin-sheet dielectric composite materials either as a laboratory-based instrument or for on-line quality control applications. Experimental results are presented on noncontact measurement of bonding quality in polyethylene/carbon composite samples. The w-band monostatic sensor operates based on measurement of the reflection properties of the material under test, which are then used to determine the volumetric uniformity of the joint area. Preliminary experimental results indicate the potential for the use of this sensor in fabrication process control of low-loss dielectric composite materials

Near-Field Analysis of Rectangular Waveguide Probes Used for Imaging

Near-field microwave imaging of composite structures has received considerable attention recently. The success achieved on the experimental level motivated the development of a theoretical model to describe the high quality images obtained using near-field microwave imaging [1–4]. This theoretical model will also help in building an intuitive understanding of the behavior of the fields inside dielectric materials in the near-field of an open-ended rectangular waveguide probe. A near-field microwave image is the result of several factors such as probe type (example rectangular waveguide, circular waveguide or coaxial line), field properties (i.e. main lobe, sidelobes and half power beam width, etc.), geometrical and physical properties of both the defect and the material under inspection. Thus, in order to characterize a defect, the effect of all non-defect factors needs to be taken out of an image. One of the dominant non-defect factors which influences an image significantly is the radiator field properties. Thus, it is essential to formulate the properties of the fields radiating out of an open-ended rectangular waveguide in its near-field. This knowledge will aid in formulating the forward problem when imaging a defect, and will be used to solve the inverse problem for obtaining defect properties. In this paper fields radiating out of an open-ended rectangular waveguide, into an infinite half-space of a dielectric material, are calculated and used to explain some of the features observed in experimental near-field microwave images

An application of wavelet transforms and neural networks for decomposition of millimeter-wave spectroscopic signals

This paper reports on wavelet-based decomposition methods and neural networks for remote monitoring of airborne chemicals using millimeter wave spectroscopy. Because of instrumentation noise and the presence of untargeted chemicals, direct decomposition of the spectra requires a large number of training data and yields low accuracy. A neural network trained with features obtained from a discrete wavelet transform is demonstrated to have better decomposition with faster training time. Results based on simulated and experimental spectra are presented to show the efficacy of the wavelet-based methods

Waveguide-Based Ultrasonic and Far-Field Electromagnetic Sensors for Downhole Reservoir Characterization.

This report summarizes the first year research and development effort leading to development of high-temperature sensors for enhanced geothermal systems. It covers evaluation of ultrasonic and electromagnetic (EM) techniques applied to temperature measurement and flow characterization. On temperature measurement, we have evaluated both microwave radiometry and ultrasonic techniques for temperature gradient and profile measurements. Different antenna designs are evaluated and array loop antenna design is selected for further development. We have also evaluated ultrasonic techniques for total flow characterization, which includes using speed of sound to determine flow temperature, measuring acoustic impedance to estimate fluid density, and using cross-correlation technique to determine the mass flow rate. Method to estimate the flow enthalpy is briefly discussed. At end, the need and proposed techniques to characterize the porosity and permeability of a hot dry rock resource are presented