Observed anomalous upwelling in the Lakshadweep Sea during the summer monsoon season of 2005

Repeat near-fortnightly expendable bathythermograph (XBT) transects made along Kochi-Kavaratti (KK) shipping lane in the Lakshadweep Sea (LS) during 2002–2006 are examined to describe the observed year-to-year variability of upwelling during summer monsoon season (SMS). Among all the years, the upwelling characterized by up-sloping of 25°C isotherm is relatively weaker and persisted until November during SMS of 2005 and is stronger during the SMS of 2002. As a result of prolonged upwelling, the sea surface temperature has shown cooling extending into the postmonsoon season. The estimated marine pelagic fish landings along the southwest coast of India (SWCI) have also shown increase until December. The governing mechanisms both in terms of local and remote forcings are examined to explain the observed anomalous upwelling during SMS of 2005. The equatorward alongshore wind stress (WS) along the KK XBT transect persisted in a transient manner beyond September only during SMS of 2005. The westerly wind bursts over the equator during the winter of 2004–2005 are both short-lived and relatively weaker triggering weaker upwelling Kelvin waves that propagated into LS in the following SMS of 2005. The observed distribution of negative sea surface height anomaly in the LS is relatively weaker during the SMS of 2005 and lasted longer. The correlation analysis suggests that the local alongshore WS off the SWCI and the remote forcing from the southern coast of Sri Lanka has greater influence on the observed interannual variability of upwelling in the LS when compared to the remote forcing from the equator

A dynamic model for planning the communications mix for industrial products

Personal selling has traditionally been considered to be the most important element of the communications mix in industrial marketing, with other communication elements, notably advertising, taking on a secondary role. Although more expensive than advertising on a cost per customer basis, a sales visit can be sharply focused onto a specific customer and is thus more effective. In addition to its role in creating awareness for a new product, advertising has the ability to enhance the effectiveness of a sales call. While evidence of such interaction between personal selling and advertising is mentioned in the literature, no attempt has been made to explicitly model this interaction and to evaluate its implication on the trade off between the two in planning the communication mix. Given the high--and steadily increasing--cost of a sales call, the role of advertising in supporting personal selling assumes considerable significance. This dissertation examines the communications mix decision problem for a mature industrial product and a new product. In the mature product situation, communication effort is modeled to directly influence the share. In the new product case, where a monopoly status is assumed, the adoption process is examined over a set of stages--awareness, evaluation and adoption. The interactive effects of personal selling and advertising, the influence of word of mouth and the heterogeneity among buying firms, in terms of responsiveness to communication effort are explicitly considered. We develop a dynamic model that enables the manager to evaluate the implications of alternative communications plans over the planning horizon and to provide normative guidelines by determining the optimal communications mix, including the allocation of personal selling effort across segments given the objectives and constraints of the selling firm. Some indicative results are that advertising has a greater role in the communications budget when the number of accounts is large and that the total communications spending is higher at \u27moderate\u27 levels of responsiveness to the firm\u27s communication efforts. For new products, a stronger word of mouth effect allows the firm to cut back on total communications spending, particularly its personal selling effort