Dynamic Consistency Checking in Goal-Directed Answer Set Programming

In answer set programming, inconsistencies arise when the constraints placed on a program become unsatisfiable. In this paper, we introduce a technique for dynamic consistency checking for our goal-directed method for computing answer sets, under which only those constraints deemed relevant to the partial answer set are tested, allowing inconsistent knowledgebases to be successfully queried. However, the algorithm guarantees that, if a program has at least one consistent answer set, any partial answer set returned will be a subset of some consistent answer set. To appear in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP).Comment: 12 pages. Accepted to ICLP 2014. To appear in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP

Induction of Non-Monotonic Logic Programs to Explain Boosted Tree Models Using LIME

We present a heuristic based algorithm to induce \textit{nonmonotonic} logic programs that will explain the behavior of XGBoost trained classifiers. We use the technique based on the LIME approach to locally select the most important features contributing to the classification decision. Then, in order to explain the model's global behavior, we propose the LIME-FOLD algorithm ---a heuristic-based inductive logic programming (ILP) algorithm capable of learning non-monotonic logic programs---that we apply to a transformed dataset produced by LIME. Our proposed approach is agnostic to the choice of the ILP algorithm. Our experiments with UCI standard benchmarks suggest a significant improvement in terms of classification evaluation metrics. Meanwhile, the number of induced rules dramatically decreases compared to ALEPH, a state-of-the-art ILP system

Why Rāmānuja? Some Reflections on Christian-Vaiṣṇava Comparative Theology

This paper examines the very idea of developing a Christian-Hindu comparative theology by focusing on Rāmānuja in particular. The paper begins by reflecting on some possible reasons--social, political, theological and philosophical—that Rāmānuja, instead of Madhva and other Vaiṣṇavas, has held, and continues to hold, such a central place in Christian-Vaiṣṇava comparative work. It then compares the Thomist doctrine of creation ex-nihilo with the theologies of Rāmānuja, Madhva and Jīva Goswami to illustrate that engaging with multiple Vaiṣṇava voices can enrich and expand the Christian-Rāmānuja comparative discourse

DOES GREATER AUTONOMY IMPROVE PERFORMANCE? EVIDENCE FROM WATER SERVICE PROVIDERS IN INDIAN CITIES

We assess the efficiency of urban water supply in 27 Indian cities using data envelopment analysis (DEA). We also group cities by the management structure of their water utilities. Utilities with greater degree of functional autonomy perform better, supporting the hypothesis that more autonomy in management leads to better performance among water utilites. Our results also have implications for urban domestic water pricing--most of the utilities operate under decreasing returns to scale (DRS) implying water should be priced at marginal cost of supply.