TYPICAL DERMATOSIS IN KWASHIORKOR

Protein-energy malnutrition is the most widespread nutritional deficiency disorder in India, commonly occurring in children aged 6 months-2 years,as per the National Family Health Survey, 2007. The dermatologic manifestations are more florid and characteristic in kwashiorkor than in marasmus.Here, we present a case of a 1½ years old male, with extensive skin lesions, owing to severe malnutrition. Malnourishment is one of the foremostconditions seen in the developing countries. It is essential to provide adequate nutritional support to the growing children and to impart proper education to the mothers with regard to weaning and care during the illness of children aged under 5 years

How Far Must You See To Hear Reliably

We consider the problem of probabilistic reliable communication (PRC) over synchronous networks modeled as directed graphs in the presence of a Byzantine adversary when players\u27 knowledge of the network topology is not complete. We show that possibility of PRC is extremely sensitive to the changes in players\u27 knowledge of the topology. This is in complete contrast with earlier known results on the possibility of perfectly reliable communication over undirected graphs where the case of each player knowing only its neighbours gives the same result as the case where players have complete knowledge of the network. Specifically, in either case, $(2t+1)$-vertex connectivity is necessary and sufficient, where $t$ is the number of nodes that can be corrupted by the adversary \cite{DDWY93:PSMT,SKR05}. We introduce a novel model for quantifying players\u27 knowledge of network topology, denoted by {$\mathcal TK$}. Given a directed graph $G$, influenced by a Byzantine adversary that can corrupt up to any $t$ players, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for possibility of PRC over $G$ for any arbitrary topology knowledge {$\mathcal TK$}. It follows from our main characterization theorem that knowledge of up to $d = \lfloor \frac{n - 2t}{3} \rfloor + 1$ levels is sufficient for the solvability of honest player to honest player communication over any network over which PRC is possible when each player has complete knowledge of the topology. We also show the existence of networks where PRC is possible when players have complete topology knowledge but it is not possible when the players do not have knowledge of up to $d = \lfloor \frac{n - 2t}{3} \rfloor + 1$ levels

Various Mechanistic Pathways Representing the Aging Process Are Altered in COPD

BACKGROUND: Accelerated aging has been proposed as a pathologic mechanism of various chronic diseases, including COPD. This concept has almost exclusively been approached by analyses of individual markers. We investigated whether COPD is associated with accelerated aging using a panel of markers representing various interconnected aspects of the aging process. METHODS: Lung function, leukocyte telomere length, lymphocyte gene expression of anti-aging (sirtuin 1, total klotho, and soluble klotho [Sklotho]), senescence (p16/21), and DNA repair (Ku70/80 and TERF2) proteins, and markers of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress were determined in 160 patients with COPD, 82 smoking subjects, and 38 never-smoking control subjects. RESULTS: Median levels for telomere length, Sklotho, Ku70, and sirtuin 1 gene expression were lower (respectively, 4.4, 4.6, and 4.7 kbp for telomere length; 74%, 82%, and 100% for Sklotho; 88%, 92%, and 100% for Ku70 and 70%, 92%, and 100% for sirtuin 1, all P < .05) in patients compared with the smoking and never-smoking control groups. P21 gene expression was higher in patients compared with smoking control subjects. Telomere length correlated with Ku70 gene expression (r = 0.15, P = .02). After correction for age, smoking history, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress, telomere length and p21 were the only markers that remained independently associated with lung function. In separate groups, only telomere length remained associated with lung function parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Markers of the aging mechanism represent distinct molecular aspects of aging. Among them, different markers were altered in COPD, but only telomere length was consistently associated with lung function, and seems a useful marker for expressing accelerated aging in COPD