Historical evolution of federal finances in India

The paper confirms that the provisions of fiscal federalism laid out in the Indian Constitution are connected to the legacy of the British rule in India. Applying historical analysis the author divides the period from the starting of British imperial administration in India to the enactment of Indian Constitution into five different phases on the basis of the evolution of Centre-Province financial relations. The principles of fiscal federalism in India gradually evolved from highly centralized fiscal governance during the initial period of the British rule until being manifested in the Constitution. Various parliamentary enactments, executive directions, committees and commissions as well as individual intervention contributed to this transformation. The paper further lays out the unique features of the Indian Constitution such as mutually exclusive tax domains and various mechanisms addressing fiscal imbalances due to the Government of India Act of 1935 enacted by the British Parliament. It concludes that while British authorities designed the system of fiscal administration in India after their preferences, the makers of the Indian Constitution preferred to retain the same provisions with minor variations in the Constitution of independent Indi

Experimental investigation of bio inspired flapping wings for MAV and NAV applications

The current investigation focuses on achieving a greater understanding on the aerodynamic phenomena that takes place during flapping flight and its application in the development of Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) and Nano Air Vehicles (NAVs). Quantitative force measurements were made on the MAV model to understand its aerodynamic performance of flapping wings at different operational flight conditions. A comparative analysis was also made to understand the effects of wing membrane flexibility on the aerodynamic performance of an MAV. The results obtained from this study would help design a membrane based flapping wings which would have an optimum aerodynamic performance Dragonflies are considered to be some of the most agile and maneuverable insects known to man due to which they taken as an inspiration for the study of flapping wing NAVs. Piezoelectric fans were used to simulate the flapping motion of insect wings due to their ability to generate a high wing beat frequency. Flow measurement studies on the fans placed in a tandem wing configuration were carried out with the help of Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) by which quantitative flow field measurements were made. The PIV results provide a greater understanding of the vortex structures which were generated due to high frequency flapping motion of the wings

Fault Detection in Systems-A Fuzzy Approach

The task of fault detection is important when dealing with failures of crucial nature. After detection of faults in a system, it is advisable to suggest maintenance action before occurrenceof a failure. Fault detection may be done by observing various symptoms of the system during its operational stage. Sometimes, symptoms cannot be quantified easily but can be expressedin linguistic terms. Since linguistic terms are fuzzy quantifiers, these can be represented by fuzzy numbers. In this paper, two cases have been discussed, where a fault likely to affect a particular systemlsystems, is detected. In the first case, this is done by means of a compositional rule of inference. The second case is based on modified similarity measure. For both these  cases, linguistic terms have been expressed as trapezoidal fuzzy number

Isolation and diagnosis of Chikungunya virus causing outbreaks in Andhra Pradesh, India

Background: Chikungunya fever has recently re-emerged in India with a high morbidity. However, the prevalence of chikungunya fever in India has been underreported due to non-availability of specialized kits to confirm the disease in most of the laboratories. Methods: Nine hundred and fifty six serum samples were collected from subjects presenting with a short febrile illness from various places in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, between January to October 2009 and were screened for Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) infection. Virus isolation, reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) rapid strip method were employed for the identification of the causative agent. Results: Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) infection was confirmed in 520 (68.1%) patients by RT-PCR. Seventy seven (40.1%) patients showed the presence of anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies while 12 (6.3%) patients showed the presence of both anti-CHIKV IgM and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies respectively. The isolation of CHIKV was successful from five patients. Conclusions: The re-emergence and persistence of CHIKV in Andhra Pradesh suggests the need for continuous monitoring and identification of the pathogen and thereby prevention of the spread of the virus to other parts of the country

Reduction Inshipment Delinquencies Andproduct Lead TIME Onenhancing Customer Service: a Case Study

REDUCTION INSHIPMENT DELINQUENCIES ANDPRODUCT LEAD TIME ONENHANCING CUSTOMER SERVICE: A CASE STUDY. Customer service plays an important role in an organization\u27s ability to generate income and revenue. From this perspective, customer service should be included as part of an overall approach to systematic improvement. A customer service experience can change the entire perception a customer has of the organization. The present paper identifies the current weaknesses of an electronic companyin terms of shipment delinquencies and long product lead-times and to propose recommendations to the company to overcome the issues towards enhancing customer service. The paper investigates the organizations\u27 internal and external environment factors towards establishing strengths and opportunities and further analyzing the various problems faced in order to establish the root-cause components. A list of recommendations are proposed through which the company may be able to enhance its level of customer service, increase its market share and sustain in the industry as a serious and viable contender

SELECTION CRITERION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CASE TOOLS IN GAP ANALYSIS TOWARDS DISTRIBUTED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT IJCET © I A E M E

ABSTRACT Software is growing ever-more complex and new software processes, methods and products put greater demands on software engineers than ever before. Software Engineering is broadly associated with the development of quality software with increasing use of software preparation standards and guidelines. Organizations now have a tendency to make greater efforts in developing software in distributive way. The main advantage of this lies in a greater availability of human resources in decentralized zones at less cost. There are, however, some disadvantages which are caused by the distance that separates the development teams. Coordination and communication among the team members become more difficult as the software components are sourced from different places, thus affecting project organization, project control, and product quality. In addition to these, there are major challenges like technical diversities such as hardware and software configuration of distributed site, product architecture, development methodology, managerial techniques result with "gaps" at different levels of distributed software development project. There are different methodologies to deal with these gaps. The use of Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools has been marketed as a remedy for the software development crisis by automating analysis, design, and coding for the ease the distributed development of software systems. This paper proposes the selection of appropriate CASE tools and their implementation in analysis gaps towards managing distributed software development

Human protein reference database—2006 update

Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) () was developed to serve as a comprehensive collection of protein features, post-translational modifications (PTMs) and protein–protein interactions. Since the original report, this database has increased to >20 000 proteins entries and has become the largest database for literature-derived protein–protein interactions (>30 000) and PTMs (>8000) for human proteins. We have also introduced several new features in HPRD including: (i) protein isoforms, (ii) enhanced search options, (iii) linking of pathway annotations and (iv) integration of a novel browser, GenProt Viewer (), developed by us that allows integration of genomic and proteomic information. With the continued support and active participation by the biomedical community, we expect HPRD to become a unique source of curated information for the human proteome and spur biomedical discoveries based on integration of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data

Mapping genomic loci prioritises genes and implicates synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60–80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies

Experimental investigation of bio inspired flapping wings for MAV and NAV applications

The current investigation focuses on achieving a greater understanding on the aerodynamic phenomena that takes place during flapping flight and its application in the development of Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) and Nano Air Vehicles (NAVs). Quantitative force measurements were made on the MAV model to understand its aerodynamic performance of flapping wings at different operational flight conditions. A comparative analysis was also made to understand the effects of wing membrane flexibility on the aerodynamic performance of an MAV. The results obtained from this study would help design a membrane based flapping wings which would have an optimum aerodynamic performance Dragonflies are considered to be some of the most agile and maneuverable insects known to man due to which they taken as an inspiration for the study of flapping wing NAVs. Piezoelectric fans were used to simulate the flapping motion of insect wings due to their ability to generate a high wing beat frequency. Flow measurement studies on the fans placed in a tandem wing configuration were carried out with the help of Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) by which quantitative flow field measurements were made. The PIV results provide a greater understanding of the vortex structures which were generated due to high frequency flapping motion of the wings.</p