Established-Outsider Relations and 'Figurational' Analysis

In the introduction to this HSR Special Issue we provide an exposition and over-view of Elias and Scotson’s Established and Outsiders, seeking to identify the empirical and conceptual significance of the relational model of inter-group tensions contained therein. Our core argument is that Elias and Scotson wrote in the historical context of a British intellectual zeitgeist in which a preoccupation with ‘established’ groups followed from proto-Marxist political/macro-sociological concerns with the reproduction of social elites; and an engagement with ‘outsiders’, which followed from an ascendant micro-sociological concern with sub-cultural and ‘deviant’ groups who defined themselves in opposition to a dominant mainstream. Elias and Scotson’s contribution, viewed in this vein, was to provide a radically relational theoretical-empirical model which synthesised micro, meso and macro sociological concerns with social power dynamics into a unified synthetic scheme. We propose that while such a model is entirely consistent with the broader conceptual architecture of Elias’s approach, it is important also to recognise the not insignificant influence of Scotson’s empirical work in informing the specific concerns of their study. We further reflect upon the origins of the study and its implications for our more general methodological questions relating to undertaking ‘figurational analysis’ in the context of historical social research

The aging of tungsten filaments and its effect on wire surface kinetics in hot-wire chemical vapor deposition

Wire-desorbed radicals present during hot-wire chemical vapor deposition growth have been measured by quadrupole mass spectrometry. New wires produce Si as the predominant radical for temperatures above 1500 K, with a minor contribution from SiH3, consistent with previous measurements; the activation energy for the SiH3 signal suggests its formation is catalyzed. Aged wires also produce Si as the predominant radical (above 2100 K), but show profoundly different radical desorption kinetics. In particular, the Si signal exhibits a high temperature activation energy consistent with evaporation from liquid silicon. The relative abundance of the other SiHx species suggests that heterogeneous pyrolysis of SiH4 on the wire may be occurring to some extent. Chemical analysis of aged wires by Auger electron spectroscopy suggests that the aging process is related to the formation of a silicide at the surface, with silicon surface concentrations as high as 15 at. %. A limited amount (2 at. %) of silicon is observed in the interior as well, suggesting that diffusion into the wire occurs. Calculation of the relative rates for the various wire kinetic processes, coupled with experimental observations, reveals that silicon diffusion through the silicide is the slowest process, followed by Si evaporation, with SiH4 decomposition being the fastest

Return to Winston Parva: Starting to Reconstruct The Established and the Outsiders 'From the Margins'

In this paper, we reflect on our experiences of trying to undertake a restudy of The Established and The Outsiders - Return to Winston Parva. We consider the methodological challenges that such a 'return' has raised for us (and potential research funders). These include i) the circumstances surrounding the genesis of the published version of The Established and the Outsiders; ii) the lack of specific methodological details and research design relating to the original study; and iii) the less than clear exposition of three neighbourhood zones known as 'Winston Parva'. The discussion then outlines how a fortuitous contact from John Scotson’s estate led to a 'bundle of papers' the retrieval of and which now represent a complete archive of materials relating to the original study on which The Established and The Outsiders. For the first time, we outline the scope and extent of these archive materials, the paradata and marginalia, as well as considering Scotson's hand drawn map which demarcates 'Winston Parva' precisely from its surrounding environs

A yeast model for target-primed (non-LTR) retrotransposition

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Target-primed (non-LTR) retrotransposons, such as the human L1 element, are mobile genetic elements found in many eukaryotic genomes. They are often present in large numbers and their retrotransposition can cause mutations and genomic rearrangements. Despite their importance, many aspects of their replication are not well understood.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We have developed a yeast model system for studying target-primed retrotransposons. This system uses the Zorro3 element from <it>Candida albicans</it>. A cloned copy of Zorro3, tagged with a retrotransposition indicator gene, retrotransposes at a high frequency when introduced into an appropriate <it>C. albicans </it>host strain. Retrotransposed copies of the tagged element exhibit similar features to the native copies, indicating that the natural retrotransposition pathway is being used. Retrotransposition is dependent on the products of the tagged element's own genes and is highly temperature-regulated. The new assay permits the analysis of the effects of specific mutations introduced into the cloned element.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This Zorro3 retrotransposition assay system complements previously available target-primed retrotransposition assays. Due to the relative simplicity of the growth, manipulation and analysis of yeast cells, the system should advance our understanding of target-primed retrotransposition.</p

Embodiment design for a multipropellant resistojet

This document presents the design of a multipropellant resistojet to use as an auxiliary propulsion system on the Space Station. Such a system is necessary to counteract atmospheric drag effects encountered by the Station in its orbit. NASA specifications are strictly followed with emphasis on reliability, operating life, multipropellant capability, and exhaust emission control. Several design variants are considered, and the final solution is a resistojet with an electronic pressure regulator, variable control, an internal flow heater, and a conical nozzle. To construct the resistojet, the important components are resolved independently and then integrated with secondary units. The document also includes engineering drawings of the final design with assembly instructions. Before final utilization, a prototype testing is recommended to uncover possible problems

Visualizing the Effects of Scale and Geography in Multivariate Comparison

Abstract-Our research investigates the sensitivities and complexities of visualizing multivariate data over multiple scales with the consideration of local geography. We investigate this in the context of creating geodemographic classifications, where multivariate comparison for the variable selection process is an important, yet time-consuming and intensive process. We propose a visual interactive approach which allows skewed variables and those with strong correlations to be quickly identified and investigated and the geography of multi-scale correlation to be explored. Our objective with this paper is to present comprehensive documentation of the parameter space prior to the development of the visualization tools to help explore it

Target prediction for small, noncoding RNAs in bacteria

Many small, noncoding RNAs in bacteria act as post-transcriptional regulators by basepairing with target mRNAs. While the number of characterized small RNAs (sRNAs) has steadily increased, only a limited number of the corresponding mRNA targets have been identified. Here we present a program, TargetRNA, that predicts the targets of these bacterial RNA regulators. The program was evaluated by assessing whether previously known targets could be identified. The program was then used to predict targets for the Escherichia coli RNAs RyhB, OmrA, OmrB and OxyS, and the predictions were compared with changes in whole genome expression patterns observed upon expression of the sRNAs. Our results show that TargetRNA is a useful tool for finding mRNA targets of sRNAs, although its rate of success varies between sRNAs

Sun Protection Intervention for Urban Youth

Introduction: Skin cancer is less prevalent in persons with darker skin color compared to those with light skin, but contrarily is associated with greater mortality rates. Experts agree this is primarily due to late detection. Challenges in early detection include low public awareness, uncommon presentation, lower index of suspicion among health care providers, and decreased access to specialty care. To address some of these barriers, we designed a survey-based study to discover current beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes of urban youth towards sun protection before and after an educational intervention. Methods: In 2022, 17 children living in metro Detroit participated in an educational presentation regarding sun protection and completed pre- and post- surveys. Statistical significance was calculated via Chi-square tests. Results: After education, there was a significant increase in likelihood of sunscreen application before going outdoors (p \u3c 0.05). There was no significant difference after education regarding sunscreen beliefs (p = 0.463), sunscreen application frequency (p= 0.835), reapplication of sunscreen (p=1.074), daily sunscreen application (p=0.099), alternative sun protection (p=0.863), and likelihood of sharing about sun protection (p=0.227). Conclusions: This study was paired with a program that encouraged children to be active outside. The aim was to increase the likelihood of sunscreen application before going outdoors. In the pre-survey, more people said they would tell family and friends, but this was not reflected in the post survey. Future directions could include an interactive activity to share educational information and reinforce objectives

Gemcitabine and Irinotecan for Patients with Untreated Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: SWOG 0119

IntroductionTo evaluate the activity of a nonplatinum-, nonetoposide-containing regimen for patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer.MethodsPatients with untreated extensive stage small cell lung cancer were treated with gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and irinotecan 100 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle for a maximum of six cycles. Patients with brain metastases were eligible if asymptomatic or controlled after radiation.ResultsEighty-four eligible patients with untreated extensive stage small cell lung cancer with adequate organ function and a performance status of 0–2 were accrued. The median age was 64 years (range, 42–85) and 45 (54%) were women. Six cycles were completed by 28 (33%) patients. Some degree of diarrhea occurred in 57% (grade 3/4, 18%). Other grade 3/4 toxicities were neutropenia (26%), anemia (10%), thrombocytopenia (8%), febrile neutropenia (5%), fatigue (11%), nausea (10%), and vomiting (8%). The response rate was 32% (95% confidence interval: 22%–43%) among the 81 patients with measurable disease. The median survival was 8.5 months (95% confidence interval: 7.0–9.8) with 1- and 2-year survival rates of 26% and 7%, respectively. Salvage therapy data were captured by prospective collection, and only 50% of patients were treated secondarily.ConclusionThe overall response rate with the combination of gemcitabine and irinotecan was disappointing, and the median survival rate was lower than expected. Further development of this combination in small cell lung cancer is not recommended