2,170 research outputs found
A Phase Space Approach to Gravitational Enropy
We examine the definition S = ln Omega as a candidate "gravitational entropy"
function. We calculate its behavior for gravitationl and density perturbations
in closed, open and flat cosmologies and find that in all cases it increases
monotonically. Using the formalism to calculate the gravitational entropy
produced during inflation gives the canonical answer. We compare the behavior
of S with the behavior of the square of the Weyl tensor. Applying the formalism
to black holes has proven more problematical.Comment: Talk delivered at South African Relativistic Cosmology Symposium, Feb
1999. Some new results over Rothman and Anninos 97. To appear in GRG, 17
page
Sources of oscillation frequency increase with rising solar activity
We analyze and interpret SOHO/MDI data on oscillation frequency changes
between 1996 and 2004 focusing on differences between activity minimum and
maximum of solar cycle 23. We study only the behavior of the centroid
frequencies, which reflect changes averaged over spherical surfaces. Both the
f-mode and p-mode frequencies are correlated with general measures of the sun's
magnetic activity. However, the physics behind each of the two correlations is
quite different. We show that for the f-modes the dominant cause of the
frequency increase is the dynamical effect of the rising magnetic field. The
relevant rise must occur in subphotospheric layers reaching to some 0.5 - 0.7
kG at a depth of about 5 Mm. However, the implied constraints also require the
field change in the atmosphere to be so small that it has only a tiny dynamical
effect on p-mode frequencies. For p-modes, the most plausible explanation of
the frequency increase is a less than 2 percent decrease in the radial
component of the turbulent velocity in the outer layers. Lower velocity implies
a lower efficiency of the convective transport, hence lower temperature, which
also contributes to the p-mode frequency increase.Comment: ApJ, accepte
Properties of Umbral Dots as Measured from the New Solar Telescope Data and MHD Simulations
We studied bright umbral dots (UDs) detected in a moderate size sunspot and
compared their statistical properties to recent MHD models. The study is based
on high resolution data recorded by the New Solar Telescope at the Big Bear
Solar Observatory and 3D MHD simulations of sunspots. Observed UDs, living
longer than 150 s, were detected and tracked in a 46 min long data set, using
an automatic detection code. Total 1553 (620) UDs were detected in the
photospheric (low chromospheric) data. Our main findings are: i) none of the
analyzed UDs is precisely circular, ii) the diameter-intensity relationship
only holds in bright umbral areas, and iii) UD velocities are inversely related
to their lifetime. While nearly all photospheric UDs can be identified in the
low chromospheric images, some small closely spaced UDs appear in the low
chromosphere as a single cluster. Slow moving and long living UDs seem to exist
in both the low chromosphere and photosphere, while fast moving and short
living UDs are mainly detected in the photospheric images. Comparison to the 3D
MHD simulations showed that both types of UDs display, on average, very similar
statistical characteristics. However, i) the average number of observed UDs per
unit area is smaller than that of the model UDs, and ii) on average, the
diameter of model UDs is slightly larger than that of observed ones.Comment: Accepted by the AP
Does the Sun Shrink with Increasing Magnetic Activity?
We have analyzed the full set of SOHO/MDI f- and p-mode oscillation
frequencies from 1996 to date in a search for evidence of solar radius
evolution during the rising phase of the current activity cycle. Like Antia et
al. (2000), we find that a significant fraction of the f-mode frequency changes
scale with frequency; and that if these are interpreted in terms of a radius
change, it implies a shrinking sun. Our inferred rate of shrinkage is about 1.5
km/y, which is somewhat smaller than found by Antia et al. We argue that this
rate does not refer to the surface, but rather to a layer extending roughly
from 4 to 8 Mm beneath the visible surface. The rate of shrinking may be
accounted for by an increasing radial component of the rms random magnetic
field at a rate that depends on its radial distribution. If it were uniform,
the required field would be ~7 kG. However, if it were inwardly increasing,
then a 1 kG field at 8 Mm would suffice.
To assess contribution to the solar radius change arising above 4Mm, we
analyzed the p-mode data. The evolution of the p-mode frequencies may be
explained by a magnetic^M field growing with activity. The implications of the
near-surface magnetic field changes depend on the anisotropy of the random
magnetic field. If the field change is predominantly radial, then we infer an
additional shrinking at a rate between 1.1-1.3 km/y at the photosphere. If on
the other hand the increase is isotropic, we find a competing expansion at a
rate of 2.3 km/y. In any case, variations in the sun's radius in the activity
cycle are at the level of 10^{-5} or less, hence have a negligible contribution
to the irradiance variations.Comment: 10 pages (ApJ preprint style), 4 figures; accepted for publication in
Ap
Simulation and flight evaluation of a head-up landing aid for general aviation
A head-up general aviation landing aid called a landing site indicator (LASI) was tested in a fixed-base, visual simulator and in an airplane to determine the effectiveness of the LASI. The display, which had a simplified format and method of implementation, presented to the pilot in his line of sight through the windshield a graphic representation of the airplane's velocity vector. In each testing model (simulation of flight), each of 4 pilots made 20 landing approaches with the LASI and 20 approaches without it. The standard deviations of approach and touchdown parameters were considered an indication of pilot consistency. Use of the LASI improved consistency and also reduced elevator, aileron, and rudder control activity. Pilots' comments indicated that the LASI reduced work load. An appendix is included with a discussion of the simulator effectiveness for visual flight tasks
Diffuse reflectance imaging with astronomical applications
Diffuse objects generally tell us little about the surrounding lighting, since the radiance they reflect blurs together incident lighting from many directions. In this paper we discuss how occlusion geometry can help invert diffuse reflectance to recover lighting or surface albedo. Self-occlusion in the scene can be regarded as a form of coding, creating high frequencies that improve the conditioning of diffuse light transport. Our analysis builds on a basic observation that diffuse reflectors with sufficiently detailed geometry can fully resolve the incident lighting. Using a Bayesian framework, we propose a novel reconstruction method based on high-resolution photography, taking advantage of visibility changes near occlusion boundaries. We also explore the limits of single-pixel observations as the diffuse reflector (and potentially the lighting) vary over time. Diffuse reflectance imaging is particularly relevant for astronomy applications, where diffuse reflectors arise naturally but the incident lighting and camera position cannot be controlled. To test our approaches, we first study the feasibility of using the moon as a diffuse reflector to observe the earth as seen from space. Next we present a reconstruction of Mars using historical photometry measurements not previously used for this purpose. As our results suggest, diffuse reflectance imaging expands our notion of what can qualify as a camera.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (Postdoctoral Fellowship)United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant 2008155)United States. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NEGI-1582-04-0004)United States. Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (Grant N00014-06-1-0734
Gravitational Entropy and Quantum Cosmology
We investigate the evolution of different measures of ``Gravitational
Entropy'' in Bianchi type I and Lema\^itre-Tolman universe models.
A new quantity behaving in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics
is introduced. We then go on and investigate whether a quantum calculation of
initial conditions for the universe based upon the Wheeler-DeWitt equation
supports Penrose's Weyl Curvature Conjecture, according to which the Ricci part
of the curvature dominates over the Weyl part at the initial singularity of the
universe. The theory is applied to the Bianchi type I universe models with dust
and a cosmological constant and to the Lema\^itre-Tolman universe models. We
investigate two different versions of the conjecture. First we investigate a
local version which fails to support the conjecture. Thereafter we construct a
non-local entity which shows more promising behaviour concerning the
conjecture.Comment: 20 pages, 7 ps figure
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