Relaciones entre los comportamientos de riesgo psicosociales y la familia en adolescentes de suba, bogotá

Objetivo Estimar las relaciones entre los comportamientos de riesgo de la población adolescente y la familia en torno a la estructura y la percepción de funcionalidad. Metodología Estudio observacional de corte transversal entre 12 302 adolescentes (10 a 19 años de edad), estudiantes de 12 colegios públicos de la localidad de Suba en el año 2006. Se aplicó una encuesta autodiligenciada donde se interrogó por comportamientos sexuales, adictivos, depresivos, violentos y de trastornos de conducta alimentaria. Resultados Se encontró una prevalencia de buena función familiar de 63 % y de disfunción familiar severa del 7 %. La disfunción severa aumentó la prevalencia de comportamientos violentos (OR de 4,1 con IC de 95 % 3,4 - 4,7), trastornos de conducta alimentaria (OR 2,3 con IC de 95 % de 1,9 – 2,8) y relaciones sexuales (OR de 2 con IC de 95 % de 1,7 - 2,4). Por el contrario, la composición de la familia (presencia o no de ambos padres) no mostró relación con comportamientos violentos. Conclusiones La disfunción familiar se asocia a una mayor frecuencia de conductas de riesgo en los adolescentes de bajo estrato socioeconómico en Bogotá. La relación más fuerte se observa entre violencia y familia

Un examen actualizado de la percepción de las barreras para la implementación de la farmacogenómica y la utilidad de los pares fármaco/gen en América Latina y el Caribe

La farmacogenómica (PGx) se considera un campo emergente en los países en desarrollo. La investigación sobre PGx en la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) sigue siendo escasa, con información limitada en algunas poblaciones. Por lo tanto, las extrapolaciones son complicadas, especialmente en poblaciones mixtas. En este trabajo, revisamos y analizamos el conocimiento farmacogenómico entre la comunidad científica y clínica de ALC y examinamos las barreras para la aplicación clínica. Realizamos una búsqueda de publicaciones y ensayos clínicos en este campo en todo el mundo y evaluamos la contribución de ALC. A continuación, realizamos una encuesta regional estructurada que evaluó una lista de 14 barreras potenciales para la aplicación clínica de biomarcadores en función de su importancia. Además, se analizó una lista emparejada de 54 genes/fármacos para determinar una asociación entre los biomarcadores y la respuesta a la medicina genómica. Esta encuesta se comparó con una encuesta anterior realizada en 2014 para evaluar el progreso en la región. Los resultados de la búsqueda indicaron que los países de América Latina y el Caribe han contribuido con el 3,44% del total de publicaciones y el 2,45% de los ensayos clínicos relacionados con PGx en todo el mundo hasta el momento. Un total de 106 profesionales de 17 países respondieron a la encuesta. Se identificaron seis grandes grupos de obstáculos. A pesar de los continuos esfuerzos de la región en la última década, la principal barrera para la implementación de PGx en ALC sigue siendo la misma, la "necesidad de directrices, procesos y protocolos para la aplicación clínica de la farmacogenética/farmacogenómica". Las cuestiones de coste-eficacia se consideran factores críticos en la región. Los puntos relacionados con la reticencia de los clínicos son actualmente menos relevantes. Según los resultados de la encuesta, los pares gen/fármaco mejor clasificados (96%-99%) y percibidos como importantes fueron CYP2D6/tamoxifeno, CYP3A5/tacrolimus, CYP2D6/opioides, DPYD/fluoropirimidinas, TMPT/tiopurinas, CYP2D6/antidepresivos tricíclicos, CYP2C19/antidepresivos tricíclicos, NUDT15/tiopurinas, CYP2B6/efavirenz y CYP2C19/clopidogrel. En conclusión, aunque la contribución global de los países de ALC sigue siendo baja en el campo del PGx, se ha observado una mejora relevante en la región. La percepción de la utilidad de las pruebas PGx en la comunidad biomédica ha cambiado drásticamente, aumentando la concienciación entre los médicos, lo que sugiere un futuro prometedor en las aplicaciones clínicas de PGx en ALC.Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is considered an emergent field in developing countries. Research on PGx in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region remains scarce, with limited information in some populations. Thus, extrapolations are complicated, especially in mixed populations. In this paper, we reviewed and analyzed pharmacogenomic knowledge among the LAC scientific and clinical community and examined barriers to clinical application. We performed a search for publications and clinical trials in the field worldwide and evaluated the contribution of LAC. Next, we conducted a regional structured survey that evaluated a list of 14 potential barriers to the clinical implementation of biomarkers based on their importance. In addition, a paired list of 54 genes/drugs was analyzed to determine an association between biomarkers and response to genomic medicine. This survey was compared to a previous survey performed in 2014 to assess progress in the region. The search results indicated that Latin American and Caribbean countries have contributed 3.44% of the total publications and 2.45% of the PGx-related clinical trials worldwide thus far. A total of 106 professionals from 17 countries answered the survey. Six major groups of barriers were identified. Despite the region’s continuous efforts in the last decade, the primary barrier to PGx implementation in LAC remains the same, the “need for guidelines, processes, and protocols for the clinical application of pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics”. Cost-effectiveness issues are considered critical factors in the region. Items related to the reluctance of clinicians are currently less relevant. Based on the survey results, the highest ranked (96%–99%) gene/drug pairs perceived as important were CYP2D6/tamoxifen, CYP3A5/tacrolimus, CYP2D6/opioids, DPYD/fluoropyrimidines, TMPT/thiopurines, CYP2D6/tricyclic antidepressants, CYP2C19/tricyclic antidepressants, NUDT15/thiopurines, CYP2B6/efavirenz, and CYP2C19/clopidogrel. In conclusion, although the global contribution of LAC countries remains low in the PGx field, a relevant improvement has been observed in the region. The perception of the usefulness of PGx tests in biomedical community has drastically changed, raising awareness among physicians, which suggests a promising future in the clinical applications of PGx in LAC

An Updated Examination of the Perception of Barriers for Pharmacogenomics Implementation and the Usefulness of Drug/Gene Pairs in Latin America and the Caribbean

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is considered an emergent field in developing countries. Research on PGx in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region remains scarce, with limited information in some populations. Thus, extrapolations are complicated, especially in mixed populations. In this paper, we reviewed and analyzed pharmacogenomic knowledge among the LAC scientific and clinical community and examined barriers to clinical application. We performed a search for publications and clinical trials in the field worldwide and evaluated the contribution of LAC. Next, we conducted a regional structured survey that evaluated a list of 14 potential barriers to the clinical implementation of biomarkers based on their importance. In addition, a paired list of 54 genes/drugs was analyzed to determine an association between biomarkers and response to genomic medicine. This survey was compared to a previous survey performed in 2014 to assess progress in the region. The search results indicated that Latin American and Caribbean countries have contributed 3.44% of the total publications and 2.45% of the PGx-related clinical trials worldwide thus far. A total of 106 professionals from 17 countries answered the survey. Six major groups of barriers were identified. Despite the region’s continuous efforts in the last decade, the primary barrier to PGx implementation in LAC remains the same, the “need for guidelines, processes, and protocols for the clinical application of pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics”. Cost-effectiveness issues are considered critical factors in the region. Items related to the reluctance of clinicians are currently less relevant. Based on the survey results, the highest ranked (96%–99%) gene/drug pairs perceived as important were CYP2D6/tamoxifen, CYP3A5/tacrolimus, CYP2D6/opioids, DPYD/fluoropyrimidines, TMPT/thiopurines, CYP2D6/tricyclic antidepressants, CYP2C19/tricyclic antidepressants, NUDT15/thiopurines, CYP2B6/efavirenz, and CYP2C19/clopidogrel. In conclusion, although the global contribution of LAC countries remains low in the PGx field, a relevant improvement has been observed in the region. The perception of the usefulness of PGx tests in biomedical community has drastically changed, raising awareness among physicians, which suggests a promising future in the clinical applications of PGx in LAC

ENFOQUE ETIOLÓGICO DEL DERRAME PLEURAL

En este artículo se propone una guía de práctica clínica para orientar al profesional de las áreas de radiología invasiva, laboratorio clínico y de patología, terapia respiratoria, medicina general, medicina familiar, medicina interna, cuidado intensivo y neumología en la búsqueda de las causas del derrame pleural en personas de 15 o más años

RELACIÓN ENTRE LOS COMPORTAMIENTOS DE RIESGO PSICOSOCIAL Y LA FAMILIA, EN ADOLESCENTES DE SUBA BOGOTÁ

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación que tuvo por finalidad estimar las relaciones entre los comportamientos de riesgo de la población adolescente y la familia en torno a la estructura y la percepción de funcionalidad. Este estudio se focalizó en adolescentes estudiantes de colegios públicos de la localidad de Suba (Bogotá, D.C., Colombia), mediante una metodología observacional de corte transversal. Los resultados y conclusiones de dicho estudio permiten establecer asociaciones entre disfunción familiar y conductas de riesgo en adolescentes

Fogging Control on LDPE/EVA Coextruded Films: Wettability Behavior and Its Correlation with Electric Performance

The transformation of fog at a non-visible water layer on a membrane of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) was evaluated. Nonionic surfactants of major demand in the polyolefin industry were studied. A kinetic study using a hot fog chamber showed that condensation is controlled by both the diffusion and permanency of the surfactant more than by the change of the surface energy developed by the wetting agents. The greatest permanency of the anti-fog effect of the LDPE/EVA surface was close to 3000 h. The contact angle results demonstrated the ability of the wetting agent to spread out to the surface. Complementarily, the migration of nonionic surfactants from the inside of the polymeric matrix to the surface was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy. Additionally, electrical measurement on the anti-fogging membrane at alternating currents and at a sweep frequency was proposed to test the conductivity and wetting ability of nonionic surfactants. We proved that the amphiphilic molecules had the ability to increase the conductivity in the polyolefin membrane. A correlation between the bulk electrical conductivity and the permanency of the fogging control on the LDPE/EVA coextruded film was found

Metamaterial Behavior of Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Polypropylene/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Fabricated by Means of Ultrasound-Assisted Extrusion

Metamaterial behavior of polymer nanocomposites (NCs) based on isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated based on the observation of a negative dielectric constant (ε′). It is demonstrated that as the dielectric constant switches from negative to positive, the plasma frequency (ωp) depends strongly on the ultrasound-assisted fabrication method, as well as on the melt flow index of the iPP. NCs were fabricated using ultrasound-assisted extrusion methods with 10 wt % loadings of MWCNTs in iPPs with different melt flow indices (MFI). AC electrical conductivity (σ(AC)) as a function of frequency was determined to complement the electrical classification of the NCs, which were previously designated as insulating (I), static-dissipative (SD), and conductive (C) materials. It was found that the SD and C materials can also be classified as metamaterials (M). This type of behavior emerges from the negative dielectric constant observed at low frequencies although, at certain frequencies, the dielectric constant becomes positive. Our method of fabrication allows for the preparation of metamaterials with tunable ωp. iPP pure samples show only positive dielectric constants. Electrical conductivity increases in all cases with the addition of MWCNTs with the largest increases observed for samples with the highest MFI. A relationship between MFI and the fabrication method, with respect to electrical properties, is reported

Factores de riesgo psicosociales relacionados con ideación suicida en adolescentes escolarizados, Suba (Bogotá), 2006-2018

Objective To estimate the relationship between risky suicidal ideation and psychosocial factors in adolescents enrolled in public schools in Suba, a locality in Bogotá (Colombia). Methods and Materials Descriptive cross-sectional study. 28 229 adolescents from 26 public schools in Suba, a locality in Bogotá, polled between 2006 and 2018. A self-administered questionnaire was applied. Variables of suicidal ideation were selected (have thought about suicide and would like to do it versus has not thought about it). These variables were compared both with family psychosocial aspects as well as emotional aspects of adolescents. Results 1 157 adolescents (4.3%) have thought about suicide and would like to do it. 8.6% (2 279) have thought about it and have sought help and, 17 273 (63.6%) have not thought about it. 5.4% (1 442) perceived serious family dysfunction. 637 (2.3%) received physical punishment by parents. 1 269 parents (4.7%) used psychoactive substances frequently. The strongest relationships are: Severe family dysfunction (OR 2.5 95% CI 1.6-3.8), parents who consume psychoactive substances frequently (OR 2.5 95% CI 1.4-4.6) and having thought about suicide and asking for help (OR 0.012 95% CI 0.09-0.015). Conclusions Poor relationships between parents and children seem to be the most important factor for risky suicidal ideation and asking for help is the main protective factor.Objetivo Estimar la relación entre la ideación suicida de riesgo y factores psicosociales en adolescentes escolarizados de la localidad de Suba (Bogotá, Colombia). Materiales y Métodos Tipo de estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. 28 229 adolescentes de 26 colegios públicos de Bogotá (localidad de Suba), encuestados entre 2006 y 2018. Se aplicó encuesta autodiligenciada, se escogieron las variables “ha pensado en el suicidio y le gustaría hacerlo” versus “no lo ha pensado” y se compararon con aspectos psicosociales de relaciones familiares y emocionales de los adolescentes. Resultados 1 157 adolescentes (4,3%) han pensado en el suicidio y les gustaría hacerlo. El 8,6% (2 279) lo han pensado y han buscado ayuda y 17 273 (63,6%) no lo han pensado. El 5,4% (1 442) perciben disfunción familiar severa. 637 (2,3%) reciben castigo físico por parte de padres. 1 269 padres (4,7%) consumen sustancias psicoactivas con frecuencia. Las relaciones más fuertes son: Disfunción familiar severa (OR 2,5 IC 95% 1,6-3,8), padres que consumen sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) con frecuencia (OR 2,5 IC 95% 1,4-4,6) y haber pensado en el suicidio y pedir ayuda (OR 0,012 IC 95% 0,09-0,015). Conclusiones Las malas relaciones entre padres e hijos parecen ser el factor más importante para que aparezca la ideación suicida de riesgo y pedir ayuda, el principal factor protector