Revisão sistemática na socialização do género na fase de educação da primeira infância

Throughout the early childhood education stage, gender identity is established through the process of socialisation through which boys and girls acquire and construct stereotypes and stereotyped gender roles, in many cases dichotomised and sexist. The general objective guiding this study is to find out about gender socialisation and the acquisition and construction of stereotyped roles and gender stereotypes in boys and girls at the Early Childhood Education stage based on systematic review in the Web of Science, Scopus and Dialnet databases. After a systematic search, 124 documents from all databases made up the final sample. To begin with, a qualitative-quantitative analysis of the selected publications in each of the databases was carried out, followed by a content analysis of the presence of gender roles and/or stereotypes of boys and girls in these studies. We conclude with the identification of a greater number of publications in the Web of Science database on this subject; the existence of a greater number of publications that focus their studies on boys and girls in the second cycle of Early Childhood Education; and the presence of stereotyped roles and gender stereotypes concerning play and toys.A lo largo de la etapa de Educación infantil se configura la identidad de género mediante el proceso de socialización por el cual, niños y niñas adquieren y construyen es­tereotipos y roles estereotipados de género, en muchos casos dicotomizados y sexistas. El objetivo general que guía este estudio es conocer la socialización de género y la adquisición y construcción de roles estereotipados y estereotipos de género en niños y niñas en la etapa de Educación Infantil a partir de la revisión sistemática en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y Dialnet. Tras una búsqueda sistemática, 124 documentos de todas las bases de datos han conformado la muestra final. Para empezar, se ha realizado un análisis cualitativo-cuanti­tativo de las publicaciones seleccionadas en cada una de las bases de datos para en segundo lugar, realizar un análisis de contenido sobre la presencia de roles y/o estereotipos de género en los niños y niñas en dichos estudios. Se concluye con la identificación de un mayor número de publicaciones en la base de datos Web of Science sobre dicha temática; la existencia de un mayor número de publicaciones que centran sus estudios en niños y niñas del Segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil; y la presencia de roles estereotipados y estereotipos de género en relación al juego y los juguetes.Ao longo da fase da educação infantil, a identidade de género é moldada pelo processo de socialização através do qual rapazes e raparigas adquirem e constroem estereótipos e papéis de género estereotipados, em muitos casos dicotomizados e sexistas. O objetivo geral que norteia este estudo é conhecer a socialização de gênero e a aquisição e construção de papéis estereotipados e estereótipos de gênero em meninos e meninas na etapa da Educação Infantil a partir da análise bibliométrica nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus e Dialnet. Após uma pesquisa sistemática, 124 documentos de todas as bases de dados formaram a amostra final. Para começar, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa-quantitativa das publicações seleccionadas em cada uma das bases de dados, seguida de uma análise de conteúdo da presença de papéis e/ou estereótipos de género em rapazes e raparigas nestes estudos. Concluímos com a identificação de um maior número de publicações na base de dados Web of Science sobre este assunto; a existência de um maior número de publicações que focalizam os seus estudos em rapazes e raparigas no segundo ciclo de Educação Infantil; e a presença de papéis estereotipados e estereótipos de género em relação a brincadeiras e brinquedos

Dating Violence: A Bibliometric Review of the Literature in Web of Science and Scopus

FEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejeria de Transformacion Economica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades/Proyecto (P18-RT-1475).This study has the general purpose of improving the understanding and description of the field of violence in young couple relationships by means of a bibliometric analysis. A descriptive and transversal-retrospective methodology is used, the objective of which is to describe in a quantitative way the information obtained from the production of 842 references registered in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The results show that during 2017 and 2018, the majority of publications were concentrated, highlighting that the United States is the country with the highest amount of scientific production on violence in intimate relationships. It is important to highlight that more and more countries are investigating this subject, highlighting an increase in production from 2015 onwards. The violence that occurs in the relationships of young couples is a global social and health problem that requires research to be able to deepen its knowledge and in the prevention of this social scourge.Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades/Proyecto P18-RT-147

Social and Labour Inclusion of Gypsy Woman. Service-Learning as a Commitment to Educational Innovation

Financiación obtenida por el Vicerrectorado de Calidad, Innovación y Prospectiva de la Universidad de Granada. Convocatoria Proyectos de Innovación Docente. Código: 19-20. Título: Mujer gitana: cohesión e inclusión socioeducativa. Trabajo cooperativo desde la educación social y la pedagogía.El presente trabajo muestra las aportaciones fundamentales de un Proyecto de Innovación Docente financiado por la Universidad de Granada durante el curso académico 2019/2020. Su doble finalidad ha permitido trabajar la formación-inclusión social de la mujer gitana que reside en la Zona Norte de la ciudad de Granada y, por otro lado, desarrollar competencias profesionales en el alumnado que cursa los grados de educación social y pedagogía. Para ello se ha puesto en práctica un proceso de trabajo colaborativo en el que han participado mujeres gitanas junto a profesionales de la educación social y de la pedagogía, así como alumnado de esos grados. Para llevar a cabo este proyecto, se ha utilizado una metodología comunicativa y de tutoría entre iguales partiendo del aprendizaje-servicio. Se han diseñado e implementado, conjuntamente entre expertos, alumnado y mujer gitana, talleres destinados a trabajar la inserción laboral, las emociones y el estudio de los estereotipos y roles de género. Los resultados muestran la adquisición y desarrollo de competencias para la inclusión en el colectivo de mujeres gitanas, así como un aumento del nivel formativo, la motivación y el interés en el alumnado participante.This work shows the fundamental contributions of a Teaching Innovation Project funded by the University of Granada during the 2019/2020 academic year. Its dual purpose has made it possible to work on the training-social inclusion of gypsy women residing in the North Zone of the city of Granada and, on the other hand, to develop professional skills in students who are studying social education and pedagogy degrees. To this end, a collaborative work process has been put into practice in which gypsy women have participated together with professionals from social education and pedagogy, as well as students from those degrees. To carry out this project, a communication and peer tutoring methodology was used based on service-learning. Workshops have been designed, implemented and put into practice jointly between experts, students and gypsy women, aimed at working on labor insertion, emotions and the study of gender stereotypes and roles. The results show the acquisition and development of competences for inclusion in the group of Roma women, as well as an increase in the level of training, motivation and interest in the participating students.Vicerrectorado de Calidad, Innovación y Prospectiva de la Universidad de Granada Convocatoria Proyectos de Innovación Docente. Código: 19-2

Women, Equality and Education A model of person and society in 1st century Christian writings

In the stories of Mary, the mother of Jesus, we find a model of human personal reality in the dynamism of its realisation as a continuous being-as-self that shows its overflowing as an educating reality, an open reality. In other accounts, women are shown as witnesses to the encounter with Jesus after his death, a testimony that is received by Jesus’ group and corroborated by the men of the community in order to reach beyond its borders. In the testimony received and the action shared, the foundations of a society that is built on equality are shown.En los relatos de María, la madre de Jesús, encontramos un modelo de la realidad personal humana en el dinamismo de su realización como un continuo estar-dando-de-sí que muestra su desbordamiento como realidad educanda, realidad abierta. En otros relatos se muestra a mujeres como testigos del encuentro con Jesús después de su muerte, un testimonio que es recibido por el grupo de Jesús y corroborado por los varones de la comunidad para hacerlo llegar más allá de sus fronteras. En el testimonio recibido y la acción compartida se muestran los cimientos de una sociedad que se construye en igualdad.Plan Propio de Investigación y Transferencia de la Universidad de Granada Programa de Apoyo y Fomento a la Investigación en Materia de Igualdad, Inclusión y Sostenibilidad Social, INV-IGU166-2021, “Investigación en Educación Sexual Integral

The CARBA-MAP study: national mapping of carbapenemases in Spain (2014–2018)

Introduction:Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including isolates producing acquired carbapenemases, constitute a prevalent health problem worldwide. The primary objective of this study was to determine the distribution of the different carbapenemases among carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE, specifically Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae complex, and Klebsiella aerogenes) and carbapenemase-producing P. aeruginosa (CPPA) in Spain from January 2014 to December 2018.Methods: A national, retrospective, cross-sectional multicenter study was performed. The study included the first isolate per patient and year obtained from clinical samples and obtained for diagnosis of infection in hospitalized patients. A structured questionnaire was completed by the participating centers using the REDCap platform, and results were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0.0.Results: A total of 2,704 carbapenemase-producing microorganisms were included, for which the type of carbapenemase was determined in 2692 cases: 2280 CPE (84.7%) and 412 CPPA (15.3%), most often using molecular methods and immunochromatographic assays. Globally, the most frequent types of carbapenemase in Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa were OXA-48-like, alone or in combination with other enzymes (1,523 cases, 66.8%) and VIM (365 cases, 88.6%), respectively. Among Enterobacterales, carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae was reported in 1821 cases (79.9%), followed by E. cloacae complex in 334 cases (14.6%). In Enterobacterales, KPC is mainly present in the South and South-East regions of Spain and OXA-48-like in the rest of the country. Regarding P. aeruginosa, VIM is widely distributed all over the country. Globally, an increasing percentage of OXA-48-like enzymes was observed from 2014 to 2017. KPC enzymes were more frequent in 2017–2018 compared to 2014–2016.Discussion: Data from this study help to understand the situation and evolution of the main species of CPE and CPPA in Spain, with practical implications for control and optimal treatment of infections caused by these multi-drug resistant organisms

CARB-ES-19 Multicenter Study of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli From All Spanish Provinces Reveals Interregional Spread of High-Risk Clones Such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

ObjectivesCARB-ES-19 is a comprehensive, multicenter, nationwide study integrating whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CP-Kpn) and E. coli (CP-Eco) to determine their incidence, geographical distribution, phylogeny, and resistance mechanisms in Spain.MethodsIn total, 71 hospitals, representing all 50 Spanish provinces, collected the first 10 isolates per hospital (February to May 2019); CPE isolates were first identified according to EUCAST (meropenem MIC > 0.12 mg/L with immunochromatography, colorimetric tests, carbapenem inactivation, or carbapenem hydrolysis with MALDI-TOF). Prevalence and incidence were calculated according to population denominators. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution method (EUCAST). All 403 isolates collected were sequenced for high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and resistome analysis.ResultsIn total, 377 (93.5%) CP-Kpn and 26 (6.5%) CP-Eco isolates were collected from 62 (87.3%) hospitals in 46 (92%) provinces. CP-Kpn was more prevalent in the blood (5.8%, 50/853) than in the urine (1.4%, 201/14,464). The cumulative incidence for both CP-Kpn and CP-Eco was 0.05 per 100 admitted patients. The main carbapenemase genes identified in CP-Kpn were blaOXA–48 (263/377), blaKPC–3 (62/377), blaVIM–1 (28/377), and blaNDM–1 (12/377). All isolates were susceptible to at least two antibiotics. Interregional dissemination of eight high-risk CP-Kpn clones was detected, mainly ST307/OXA-48 (16.4%), ST11/OXA-48 (16.4%), and ST512-ST258/KPC (13.8%). ST512/KPC and ST15/OXA-48 were the most frequent bacteremia-causative clones. The average number of acquired resistance genes was higher in CP-Kpn (7.9) than in CP-Eco (5.5).ConclusionThis study serves as a first step toward WGS integration in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Spain. We detected important epidemiological changes, including increased CP-Kpn and CP-Eco prevalence and incidence compared to previous studies, wide interregional dissemination, and increased dissemination of high-risk clones, such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Health Education as a Means of Addressing Death in the Elderly

Education for death is an emerging field of study in which health education research and proposals are increasingly being made with the aim of acquiring knowledge and skills to promote positive attitudes towards health and preparation for the end of life. The aim of this study is to find out what experience older people have had with death education and the importance they give to health education. A qualitative methodological design was selected using a semi-structured interview. The survey consisted of interviews with 28 participants from the city of Granada (Spain) aged 61 to 78. This qualitative-descriptive study is based on an analysis of older people’s experience of education and preparation for death throughout their lives. The results show that, in most cases, the only information received was in childhood and always from a religious perspective. Death and health are closely related, so working on death education helps to improve the quality of life of elderly people. Health education offers ways of coping with the end of life through the transmission of values and practices that make it possible to anticipate and resolve situations of instability or anxiety. Facing death naturally and as just another part of life will help to make healthy ageing possible, through educational proposals related to the integral health of elderly people.Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Universidades (Spain), grant number FPU15/0003