Sistema de generación de energía eléctrica basado en una máquina de ejercicio usando un convertidor cuasi-Z

152 p.En el escenario energético actual, Chile se enfrenta con el desafío de contar con los recursos energéticos suficientes y competitivos para alcanzar el desarrollo anhelado para las décadas venideras en cuanto a abastecimiento de potencia eléctrica al país. Un aspecto destacado del actual escenario lo constituye la proliferación de proyectos de energías renovables, que sólo en el Sistema Interconectado Central suma más de 2000 MW de capacidad a enero de 2017. Esto proporciona un crecimiento y a la vez un beneficio ya que, la energía limpia otorga una credencial atractiva que pocos países pueden exhibir a escala global. Otro aspecto importante, es la captura de energía por distintas actividades para generar energía eléctrica en pequeñas cantidades, denominada como Energy Harvesting (Cosecha de Energía). La cosecha de energía puede utilizarse para el consumo o inyección a la red, y así contribuir a la reducción del consumo eléctrico desde la matriz energética del país. En este documento se presenta el diseño, construcción y puesta en marcha de un sistema de generación de energía basado en una máquina de ejercicio, para la inyección de corriente de forma controlada en una carga CA, conectada en la salida de potencia. Este sistema es un prototipo de generación de energía renovable no convencional innovador, que se diferencia de las actuales fuentes como; eólicas, solares, geotérmicas, hidráulicas, entre otras, ya que está basado en la propulsión humana a través pedaleo en una bicicleta de spinning, y se considera como renovable debido a que al mismo tiempo que se realiza ejercicio aeróbico, la energía que se ocupa para actividad física humana se renueva día a día gracias a la energía contenida en los alimentos que se ingieren. La idea de este sistema es obtener energía eléctrica mediante actividad física estacionaria sobre bicicletas de spinning. Para ello, se pretende aprovechar la energía cinética del volante de inercia adquirida por el pedaleo y transformarla a energía eléctrica por medio de un sistema de transmisión que mueva un generador eléctrico. Por otra parte, para acondicionar la energía eléctrica que entrega el generador es necesario el uso de convertidores de potencia. En este trabajo, se propone usar la topología de convertidores fuente cuasi-Z. Estos convertidores permiten regular tanto el voltaje del enlace CC, como el voltaje y corriente del lado CA, en una sola etapa de conmutación de la etapa inversora, además no emplea tiempos muertos, lo que disminuye la distorsión armónica total y aumenta la confiabilidad del sistema

Ecological Niche Modelling of Endemic Fish Within La Paz Bay: Implications For Conservation

Endemic marine species are useful in determining and evaluating areas for conservation. Particularly Warm Temperate Province of the Northeast Pacific (WTPNP) includes priority conservation areas, but records of endemic marine species are limited, their distributions remains generally unknown, and often excluded in extant conservation plans. Within the WTPNP, the Balandra Protected Natural Area (BPNA) is located within La Paz Bay, and it is the only management area with a developed plan. However, marine endemic fish species have not been fully considering, and their protection status requires a re-evaluation, particularly the distribution of species with adequate spatial resolution. Despite the scarce information on marine endemic fishes, ecological niche modelling allows predicting distribution areas through occurrences of the species and their relationship with a set of scenopoetic environmental variables. The abiotically suitable areas based of the endemic marine fish species within the WTPNP documented within the Bay of La Paz were modeled and the high-value areas for conservation were established through a multi-species models; these spatial patterns of suitable areas were contrasted with the current state of fish protection. Modelling was performed with the Maxent software supplied with presence-only data of 18 species and four sets of environmental layers related to the geomorphology and bottom sedimentology, as well as the Euclidean distance measures from mangrove and rocky shore habitats. We generated sixteen distribution models that revealed that only 8.4 % of the predicted area, on average, was located within a maximum state of protection within the BPNA core zone. Moreover, the generated multi-species model reveals that only 17 % of the high-value areas (≥ 9 species/hectare) were located in the core zone. These high-value areas indicate updating the current management program is required. Finally, the study illustrates how the predicted-areas can be linked to conservation strategies in the marine habitat space within and outside the BPNA

Linking Habitat and Associated Abiotic Conditions To Predict Fish Hotspots Distribution Areas Within La Paz Bay: Evaluating Marine Conservation Areas

Hotspots are priority marine or terrestrial areas with high biodiversity where delineation is essential for conservation, but equally important is their linkage to the environmental policies of the overall region. In this study, fish diversity presences were linked to abiotic conditions and different habitat types to reveal multi-species and hotspots models predicted by ecological niche modelling methods within the Bay of La Paz, Mexico (south of Gulf of California). The abiotically suitable areas for 217 fish species were identified based on historical (1975–2020) presence data sets and a set of environmental layers related to distances from mangroves and rocky shores habitats, marine substrate, and bottom geomorphology conditions. Hotspot model distribution was delineated from a multi-species model identifying areas with ≥60 species per hectare and was compared to the marine conservation areas such Balandra Protected Natural Area (BPNA), illustrating how these models can be applied to improve the local regulatory framework. The results indicate that (1) there is a need for the BPNA to be enlarged to capture more of the delineated hotspot areas, and thus an update to the management plan will be required, (2) new conservation areas either adjacent or outside of the established BPNA should be established, or (3) Ramsar sites or other priority areas should be subject to legal recognition and a management plan decreed so that these vital habitats and fish diversity can be better protected

Linking Habitat and Associated Abiotic Conditions To Predict Fish Hotspots Distribution Areas Within La Paz Bay: Evaluating Marine Conservation Areas

Hotspots are priority marine or terrestrial areas with high biodiversity where delineation is essential for conservation, but equally important is their linkage to the environmental policies of the overall region. In this study, fish diversity presences were linked to abiotic conditions and different habitat types to reveal multi-species and hotspots models predicted by ecological niche modelling methods within the Bay of La Paz, Mexico (south of Gulf of California). The abiotically suitable areas for 217 fish species were identified based on historical (1975–2020) presence data sets and a set of environmental layers related to distances from mangroves and rocky shores habitats, marine substrate, and bottom geomorphology conditions. Hotspot model distribution was delineated from a multi-species model identifying areas with ≥60 species per hectare and was compared to the marine conservation areas such Balandra Protected Natural Area (BPNA), illustrating how these models can be applied to improve the local regulatory framework. The results indicate that (1) there is a need for the BPNA to be enlarged to capture more of the delineated hotspot areas, and thus an update to the management plan will be required, (2) new conservation areas either adjacent or outside of the established BPNA should be established, or (3) Ramsar sites or other priority areas should be subject to legal recognition and a management plan decreed so that these vital habitats and fish diversity can be better protected