16,695 research outputs found
Schizophrenia, social practices and cultural values: A conceptual introduction
Schizophrenia is usually described as a fragmentation of subjective experience and the impossibility to engage in meaningful cultural and intersubjective practices. Although the term schizophrenia is less than 100 years old, madness is generally believed to have accompanied mankind through its historical and cultural ontogeny. What does it mean to be “mad”? The failure to adopt social practices or to internalize cultural values of common sense? Despite the vast amount of literature and research, it seems that the study of schizophrenia and of the psychoses is suffering from a generic disintegration. In this introduction, we offer an historical overview of the variety of theories and approaches to schizophrenia. We also provide an overview of how the authors in this volume attempt an integrative account where training, practice, theory and research are considered as parts of a larger whole. This is a varied and pluralistic volume, and it is up to the readers to make use of different chapters according to their own needs
New geochemical and isotopic constraints on the genesis of the Oliveira Azeméis granitoid melts (Porto-Tomar Shear Zone, Iberian Variscan Chain, Central-Western Portugal).
The Porto-Tomar Shear Zone (PTSZ) is a very important tectonic structure that separates, in central-western
Portugal, two of the major tectonic units of the Iberian Variscan Chain: the Ossa-Morena Zone, to the west,
and the Central Iberian Zone, to the east. The Oliveira de Azeméis area lies in the northern sector of the PTZC
and it is characterized by the occurrence of strongly deformed granitoids. Country rocks are dominantly pelitic
metasediments which, according to recent geological mapping (Pereira et al., 2007), belong to the Precambrian
Lourosa Formation and the Ordovician São João de Ver Formation. Using Rb-Sr whole-rock isotopic data, Pinto
(1979) proposed an age of 379 12 Ma for the Oliveira de Azeméis granitoids.
In this work, new results were obtained on these granitoids in the area between the villages of Travanca and Curval,
especially in the Sacramento quarry. In this critical outcrop, strongly deformed two-mica granite (displaying S-C
structures, with dextral NNW-SSE shear planes) pass into diatexites and metatexites with garnet, cordierite and
sillimanite-bearing melanosomes. Leucosomes seem to have mainly granitic s.s. compositions, but cm-thick bands
of leucotonalite were also found.
Major element geochemistry of granite samples shows the following ranges: 71.4% SiO2 74.2%; 0.74%
Fe2O3t 2.48%; 0.35% MgO 0.60%; 0.49% CaO 1.32%; 2.90% Na2O 3.11%; 4.70% K2O
5.47%; 1.17 ASI 1.36. Trace element data reveal a strong fractionation between highly incompatible LILE
and less incompatible HFSE (248 PM normalized Rb/Y 671) and between LREE and HREE (18.6 PM
normalized La/Lu 54.7). These features, in particular the peraluminous composition, the high K contents and
the distinct rare-earth fractionation suggest that the Oliveira de Azeméis granites are mostly the result of partial
melting of metasediments with a large pelitic component and that garnet is a likely residual phase.
Isotope geochemistry data show that the previously reported isochron should not correspond to a true age since
the 87Sr/86Sr(380Ma) obtained in the granite samples analysed in the present work are very low, varying from
0.6978 to 0.7063, with an average value of 0.7023, which are unrealistic in S-type granitic melts. Probably, the
380 Ma date is the consequence of mixing of different melt source components in the samples used in its
calculation. Using the granite whole-rock samples collected in this work, a 328 28 Ma errorchron (MSWD=4.0;
initial 87Sr/86Sr=0,7106 0.0045) is now obtained.
Assuming a typical syn-tectonic Variscan age of 320 Ma for the studied granites, 87Sr/86Sr and "Nd range
from 0.7100 to 0.7133 and from -6.5 to -7.9, respectively. A micaschist sample collected in this area displays
87Sr/86Sr(320Ma) = 0.7146 and "Nd(320Ma) = -9.2. Therefore, the Sr and Nd isotope composition agrees with
the clearly dominance of a melt component derived by anatexis of a metapelitic source.
Two samples of a garnet-bearing (and comparatively zircon-rich) diatexite show 87Sr/86Sr(320Ma) values (0.7120
and 0.7102) similar to those found in granites, but have higher "Nd(320Ma): -2.0 and -1.6. This may be explained
by either (a) the involvement of a different source in the genesis of this diatexite or (b) the occurrence of Nd
isotope disequilibrium during the melting process, with the preservation of high 143Nd/144Nd ratios in refractory
phases such as garnet and/or zircon.
A Rb-Sr wr-feldspar-biotite-muscovite isochron of 301.2 5.6 Ma (MSWD=0.42; initial
87Sr/86Sr=0,71516 0.00074) in a granite sample is interpreted as recording the final stage of the operation
of the shear zone, which was accompanied by mica recrystallization.
Funding: projects Petrochron (PTDC/CTE-GIX/112561/2009) and Geobiotec (PEst-C/CTE/UI4035/2011).
References
Pereira E. et allia (2007) – Carta Geológica 1/50000 de Oliveira de Azeméis. INETI, Lisboa.
Pinto M.S. (1979) – PhD Thesis. Univ. Leed
Some Aspects of the Exact Foldy-Wouthuysen Transformation for a Dirac Fermion
The Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation (FWT) is used to separate distinct
components of relativistic spinor field, e.g. electron and positron. Usually,
the FWT is perturbative, but in some cases there is an involution operator and
the transformation can be done exactly. We consider some aspects of an exact
FWT and show that, even if the theory does not admit an involution operator,
one can use the technique of exact FWT to obtain the conventional perturbative
result. Several particular cases can be elaborated as examples
Photoproduction of mesons in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
We investigate the photoproduction of mesons in ultraperipheral heavy
ion collisions at RHIC and LHC energies in the dipole approach and within two
phenomenological models based on the the Color Glass Condensate (CGC)
formalism. We estimate the integrated cross section and rapidity distribution
for meson production and compare our predictions with the data from the STAR
collaboration. In particular, we demonstrate that the total cross section at
RHIC is strongly dependent on the energy behavior of the dipole-target cross
section at low energies, which is not well determined in the dipole approach.
In contrast, the predictions at midrapidities at RHIC and in the full rapidity
at LHC are under theoretical control and can be used to test the QCD dynamics
at high energies.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, 1 table. Improved version to be published in
Physical Review
- …