Optimal control for production inventory system with various cost criterion

In this article, we investigate a dynamic control problem of a production-inventory system. Here, demands arrive at the production unit according to a Poisson process and are processed in an FCFS manner. The processing time of the customers' demand is the exponential distribution. The production manufacturers produce the items on a make-to-order basis to meet customer demands. The production is run until the inventory level becomes sufficiently large. We assume that an item's production time follows exponential distribution and the amount of time for the produced item to reach the retail shop is negligible. Also, we assume that no new customer joins the queue when there is a void inventory. This yields an explicit product-form solution for the steady-state probability vector of the system. The optimal policy that minimizes the discounted/average/pathwise average total cost per production is derived using a Markov decision process approach. We find optimal policy using value/policy iteration algorithms. Numerical examples are discussed to verify the proposed algorithms.Comment: 5 figure

New Thermoelectric Future and It’s Uses towards Mankind: A Review

In the last few decades, the attention is being carried by the research and development of wearable sensors for the potential, optimization and hand ready data in instantaneous and reliable health monitoring for assessing the health of a person and default measures are taken care of in time. The idea of body heat based thermoelectric power generation permits an attractive solution which is used for thermoelectric power for wearable devices. This review article represents the different types of thermoelectric generators and the successive results which have been achieved till date. The paper also reflects the problems concerning the operation as well as the O/P of wearable sensors based on body heat harvesting method power generation. Specifically, the paper focuses on optimized simulation of human thermoregulatory models, flexible heat sinks, electronics, and energy storage devices. Which are pertinent in nature due to the application and alongside research which leads to the practical implementation of these sensors in practice for a better health monitoring and healthy lifestyle

Immobilization of arsenic in soil using modified bentonite and red mud to reduce its bio-availability in Brassica juncea

The influence of modified clay mineral and red mud on biological yield and arsenic bioavailability to mustard were investigated. The total biomass of the mustard was increased by application of clay mineral and red mud products. At higher doses (5.00 g/kg), Fe-bentonite treated soil recorded the highest total plant biomass (11.2 g/pot). DMSO-bentonite (1.23 mg/kg) and Fe-bentonite (1.28 mg/kg) were proved to be most effective in reducing the extractable arsenic concentration in soil at the rate of 5.00 g/kg doses. These products also help in lowering the hazard quotient (0.20–0.08) values for human consumption of arsenic through mustard leaf. This means that modified types of bentonites and red mud boost mustard productivity by reducing arsenic concentration

Determination of suitable extractant for estimating plant available arsenic in relation to soil properties and predictability by solubility-FIAM

Extractant for estimating plant available arsenic (As) in soil has not been universally established. Moreover, to assess and monitor the complex chemical behaviour of arsenic (As) in soil and subsequently its transfer in crops, a suitable extraction protocol considering the soil properties in relation to crop uptake is required. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the suitability of the extractants for determination of extractable As in soil and risk assessment by solubility-free ion activity model (FIAM) with rice (variety: Sushk Samrat) as the test crop. Soil in bulk was collected from six locations of Indo-Gangetic Plain of Bihar, India, varying in physicochemical properties to conduct the pot experiment using five doses of As (0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg−1). Six extractants namely 0.2 (M) NH4-Oxalate, 0.05 (N) HCl + 0.025 (N) H2SO4, 0.5 (M) KH2PO4, 0.5 (N) NH4F, 0.5 (M) NaHCO3 and 0.5 (M) EDTA were used. The results revealed that 0.5 (M) KH2PO4 gave the best correlation with the soil properties and crop uptake and can be considered as a suitable extractant of As. Regardless of the As dose and the soil type used, in rice tissue, concentration of As followed the order root > straw > leaf and grain. As high as 94% variation in As content in rice grain could be explained, when 0.5 (M) KH2PO4 extractable As is being used as input for solubility-FIAM. Extractable As cannot be determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) coupled with Vapour Generation Accessory (VGA) when 0.5 (M) EDTA was used as an extractant

Assessing equilibria of organo-arsenic complexes and predicting uptake of arsenic by wheat grain from organic matter amended soils

In view of limited information, a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the stability of organo-arsenic complexes as affected by competing anions i.e. phosphate, nitrate and sulphate. For this purpose, humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) were extracted from farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and soil. A pot experiment was also conducted with 4 levels each of arsenic (As) (10, 20, 30 and 40  mg  kg−1) and amendments (no amendment, FYM, VC and SB at the rate of 10  t  ha−1 each). Results indicate that stability of FA extracted from sugarcane bagasse have the highest stability constant (log K) as 9.77 and the corresponding mole ratio (x) value of 1.51. The phosphate was the most effective in replacing As from organo-As complexes followed by sulphate and nitrate. Under pot culture study, As content in wheat grain was the lowest in sugarcane bagasse amended soil followed by FYM and VC at all levels of As application. Solubility-free ion activity model was most effective in predicting As uptake by wheat grain based on Olsen extractable As, pH and Walkley & Black organic C. Efficacy of organic amendments in reducing health hazard for intake of As through consumption of wheat grain grown on contaminated soil was also reflected in the values of hazard quotient (HQ)

Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Wheat and Maize Grown in Organic Matter Amended Soils of Indo-Gangetic Plain of Bihar, India

Recent outbreak of geogenic arsenic (As) contamination in the Gangetic Delta basin of Bihar drew due attention of researchers as prolonged consumption of As-contaminated drinking water and food leads to arsenicosis, with the symptoms of pigmentation and keratosis in human. Although some information on As content in rice grain grown on contaminated soil is available specific to some areas of Bihar, practically no such information is available on wheat and maize crops. The present field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of organic amendments in reducing the availability of As in contaminated soils, followed by its uptake by wheat and maize. Accumulation of total As in wheat and maize grains varied from 0.02 to 0.11 mg kg−1 and from 0.23 to 0.29 mg kg−1, respectively, whereas available As in post-harvest soil varied from 1.07 to 1.33 mg kg−1 for wheat and from 1.10 to 1.24 mg kg−1 for maize. The organic amendments reduced the As accumulation in wheat grain to the extent of 84% (sugarcane bagasse (SB)), 50% (rice straw) and 40% (paddy husk (PH)) compared with control. Similarly, As content in maize grain was the lowest in SB-treated soil followed by rice straw and PH. Solubility-free ion activity model, based on pH, organic carbon and Olsen extractable As, was effective in predicting the As uptake by wheat and maize grains to the extent of 75% and 87%, respectively. Impact of organics in reducing health hazard for intake of As through consumption of wheat and maize grains grown on contaminated soil was also reflected in the values of the corresponding hazard quotient (HQ)

Nonzero-sum risk-sensitive continuous-time stochastic games with ergodic costs

We study nonzero-sum stochastic games for continuous time Markov decision processes on a denumerable state space with risk-sensitive ergodic cost criterion. Transition rates and cost rates are allowed to be unbounded. Under a Lyapunov type stability assumption, we show that the corresponding system of coupled HJB equations admits a solution which leads to the existence of a Nash equilibrium in stationary strategies. We establish this using an approach involving principal eigenvalues associated with the HJB equations. Furthermore, exploiting appropriate stochastic representation of principal eigenfunctions, we completely characterize Nash equilibria in the space of stationary Markov strategies

Assessing the Impact of Altered Clay Mineral and Red Mud Derivatives on the Characteristics of Mustard (B. juncea) and the Soil Arsenic Content

A pot experiment was conducted during the winter season (rabi) of 2020-21 at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) was cultivated to investigate the impact of modified clay mineral (Bentonite) and Red mud on yield characteristics and total arsenic content in the soil. The main objective was to examine how the application of modified clay mineral and red mud (Fe-exchanged bentonite, Dimethyl sulfoxide-intercalated bentonite, and Iron-exchanged red mud) would affect the yield attributes of Indian mustard. The initial soil's total arsenic content was 16.2 mg kg-1. The results revealed that all the mentioned treatments led to a significant increase in leaf biomass and root volume compared to the control pot. Significantly, highest leaf biomass (g pot-1) was recorded in Fe-exchanged bentonite (4.10 g pot-1) followed by Dimethyl sulfoxide-intercalated bentonite (4.00 g pot-1), and Iron-exchanged redmud (3.93 g pot-1) respectively at the rate of 5.00 g product per kg soil. The highest root volume (6.6 cm2) was observed in soil treated with 5.00 g kg-1 of Fe-exchanged bentonite. Dimethyl sulfoxide-intercalated bentonite, and Iron-exchanged red mud also showed positive effects but to a lesser extent. total As content in contaminated soil was thoroughly investigated, and the results revealed that these clays did not exert a significant influence on the total As content under the given application rates

Application of Panchagavya, a Cow-based Liquid Formulation, as a Lever for Sustainable and Enhanced Vegetable Crop Production: A Review

Panchagavya, a fermented liquid bio-formulation derived from cow-based products such as dung, urine, milk, curd and ghee, has recently gained importance in agricultural practices due to its reported effectiveness in enhancing vegetable crop production. Its formulation involves a fermentation process that harnesses the diverse microbial communities present in cow-derived substances, resulting in a potent nutrient-rich solution that is believed to possess plant growth-promoting properties. One of the primary mechanisms underlying its efficacy lies in the diverse array of microorganisms present in the formulation. These microorganisms, including beneficial bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, disease suppression and soil conditioning. Additionally, Panchagavya contains plant growth-promoting substances such as hormones, enzymes, vitamins and amino acids, which contribute to enhanced nutrient uptake, root development and overall plant vigour. Furthermore, application of Panchagavya has been shown to improve soil health by enhancing microbial activity, increasing organic matter content and improving soil properties. These soil improvements not only benefit the current crop but also have long-term positive implications for soil fertility and sustainability. This multifaceted approach to crop management offers a holistic solution to enhance crop productivity while reducing reliance on synthetic inputs. This review aims to comprehensively analyse the literature on the effects of Panchagavya on vegetable crops, highlighting its mechanisms of action and potential benefits for increased vegetable crop production

Not Available

Not AvailableAn attempt has been made in assessing variability of macronutrient content in sludge as affected by sources and seasons at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. For this purpose, sludge samples were collected from eight different sewage treatment plants (STPs) located in and around Delhi (CP: Coronation Pillar, DG: Delhi Gate Nalla, KSP: Keshopur, NIL: Narella, NLT: Nilothi, OKH: Okhla, PPK: Pappankallan and RTL: Rithala) in 2018-19. Results indicated that sludge samples collected from different sources were acidic in nature and varied from 6.34 to 6.65 with mean of 6.44, and electrical conductivity of sludge ranged from 2.95 to 5.74 dS/m with mean of 4.17 dS/m. Sludge generated at different (STPs) of Delhi were rich in total carbon (TC) (10.5–35.1%) and macronutrients, viz. nitrogen (N) (1.21–2.64%) and phosphorus (P) (0.95–1.84%); but the potassium (K) content (0.16–0.32%) was much lower. The corresponding mean values of TC, N, P and K in sludge samples across the sources and seasons were 20.4, 1.98, 1.35 and 0.24%, respectively. Seasonal occurrence pattern of macronutrient, i.e. N, P, and K were higher in sludge collected during summer followed by winter and rainy season. Sludge can be a potential source of plant nutrients, particularly in the face of rise in the price of NPK fertilizers.Not Availabl