Interaction between the Triglyceride Lipase ATGL and the Arf1 Activator GBF1

The Arf1 exchange factor GBF1 (Golgi Brefeldin A resistance factor 1) and its effector COPI are required for delivery of ATGL (adipose triglyceride lipase) to lipid droplets (LDs). Using yeast two hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation in mammalian cells and direct protein binding approaches, we report here that GBF1 and ATGL interact directly and in cells, through multiple contact sites on each protein. The C-terminal region of ATGL interacts with N-terminal domains of GBF1, including the catalytic Sec7 domain, but not with full-length GBF1 or its entire N-terminus. The N-terminal lipase domain of ATGL (called the patatin domain) interacts with two C-terminal domains of GBF1, HDS (Homology downstream of Sec7) 1 and HDS2. These two domains of GBF1 localize to lipid droplets when expressed alone in cells, but not to the Golgi, unlike the full-length GBF1 protein, which localizes to both. We suggest that interaction of GBF1 with ATGL may be involved in the membrane trafficking pathway mediated by GBF1, Arf1 and COPI that contributes to the localization of ATGL to lipid droplets

Fe-S Proteins Acting as Redox Switch: New Key Actors of Cellular Adaptive Responses

International audienceIron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are inorganic prosthetic groups composed of only iron and inorganic sulfur atoms with variable nuclearities. Found in all kingdoms of life, they perform numerous critical functions in fundamental processes (e.g. respiration, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation). Organisms develop different pathways to sense their local environment such as nutrient availability, level of oxida-tive stress or of an element such as iron, and to respond and adapt to changes. The chemistry of Fe-S clusters makes them ideal for sensing various redox environmental signals and subsequently for mediating appropriate cellular responses. Fe-S cluster-containing sensors can lose their cluster, accommodate another type of cluster (e.g. interconversion between 4Fe-4S and 2Fe-2S clusters) or receive/give electrons (change in the redox state of the cluster). The present review focuses on the latter sensing mechanism, which controls the activity of Fe-S proteins in response to redox signals by changing the redox state of its cluster. Proteins using this mechanism can be found in bacteria, yeasts as well as mammals and are involved in enzyme protection (FeSII), Fe-S cluster transfer/repair (mitoNEET), DNA repair (Base Excision Repair (BER) glycosylases and helicases), and regulation of gene expression (ThnY, AirS, SoxR). In all these proteins, when the Fe-S cluster is reduced, proteins are in a "dormant state". When their cluster perceives a signal that induces its oxidation, they switch to an "active state". This sensing mechanism efficiently helps cells to turn on survival pathways quickly and recover from stressful conditions

Arc1p is required for cytoplasmic confinement of synthetases and tRNA

International audienceIn yeast, Arc1p interacts with ScMetRS and ScGluRS and operates as a tRNA-Interacting Factor (tIF) in trans of these two synthetases. Its N-terminal domain (N-Arc1p) binds the two synthetases and its C-terminal domain is an EMAPII-like domain organized around an OB-fold-based tIF. ARC1 is not an essential gene but its deletion (arc1-cells) is accompanied by a growth retardation phenotype. Here, we show that expression of N-Arc1p or of C-Arc1p alone palliates the growth defect of arc1-cells, and that bacterial Trbp111 or human p43, two proteins containing EMAPII-like domains, also improve the growth of an arc1-strain. The synthetic lethality of an arc1-los1-strain can be complemented with either ARC1 or LOS1. Expression of N-Arc1p or C-Arc1p alone does not complement an arc1-los1-phenotype, but coex-pression of the two domains does. Our data demonstrate that Trbp111 or p43 may replace C-Arc1p to complement an arc1-los1-strain. The two functional domains of Arc1p (N-Arc1p and C-Arc1p) are required to get rid of the synthetic lethal phenotype but do not need to be physically linked. To get some clues to the discrete functions of N-Arc1p and C-Arc1p, we targeted ScMetRS or tIF domains to the nuclear compartment and analyzed their cellular localization by using GFP fusions, and their ability to sustain growth. Our results are consistent with a model according to which Arc1p is a bifunctional protein involved in the subcellular localization of ScMetRS and ScGluRS via its N-terminal domain and of tRNA via its C-terminal domain

Etude de l'intéraction entre le facteur d'échange pour Arf, la protéine GBF1, et la lipase ATGL

Les petites protéines G Arf ont besoin d'un facteur d'échange nucléotidique (GEF) afin de passer de leur forme inactive liée au GDP à leur forme active liée au GTP. GBF1 est la GEF pour Arf1 qui assure, notamment, le recrutement du complexe manteau COPI impliqué dans le transport entre le Golgi précoce et le réticulum endoplasmique. Il a été récemment montré que GBF1 est impliqué dans la livraison de l'Adipose TriGlycéride Lipase (ATGL) sur les corps lipidiques (LDs). ATGL est une enzyme qui catalyse l'hydrolyse des triglycérides en diglycérides. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont eu pour objectif d'étudier et de caractériser l'interaction entre GBF1 et la lipase ATGL. Par des expériences de co-immunoprécipitation dans les cellules de mammifère, les domaines des deux protéines impliquées dans l'interaction ont été identifiés. Par des expériences de pulldown utilisant les protéines exprimées chez E. coli, j'ai montré que ces interactions sont directes. Afin d'approfondir l'étude de l'interaction entre GBF1 et ATGL, j'ai construit des outils permettant l'étude biochimique de GBF1 en purifiant plusieurs de ses domaines. J'ai tout d'abord cherché à mettre au point un test d'activité pour GBF1 afin de tester l'influence de protéines partenaires, dont ATGL, sur son activité. Malgré la purification de différents fragments de GBF1 contenant le domaine Sec7, aucun n'a présenté une activité avec Arf1 17 en solution. Le domaine N-terminal de la protéine, avec et sans une mutation empêchant une interaction intramoléculaire, ainsi que les domaines HDS1 et HDS2 de GBF1 ont également été purifiésSmall G proteins Arf require assistance from a Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) in order to switch between GDP- and GTP-bound forms. GBF1 is the Arf1 GEF that mediates COPI coat complex recruitment to early secretory pathway membranes. COPI is a protein that coats vesicles transporting proteins from the cis side of the Golgi complex back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. GBF1 was recently shown to mediate delivery of Adipose TriGlyceride Lipase (ATGL) to the surface of lipid droplets (LDs). ATGL is an enzyme catalyzing the initial step in triglyceride hydrolysis in LDs. Thus, the aim of this work was to study interactions between GBF1 and ATGL. By co-immunoprecipitation experiments in mammalian cells, the domains of two proteins involved in the interaction have been identified. By pulldown assays using proteins expressed in bacteria, I showed that these interactions are direct. To further study of the GBF1-ATGL interaction, I developed tools for the biochemical study of GBF1, by purifying several of its domains. I first tried to develop a kinetic essay for GBF1 to test the influence of interacting partners, including ATGL, on its activity. Despite the purification of various GBF1 fragments containing the Sec7 domain, none have activity with Arf1 17 in solution. The N-terminal domain of the protein, with and without a mutation disrupting an intramolecular interaction, and the HDS1 and HDS2 domains of GBF1 were also purified.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

A Review of Multiple Mitochondrial Dysfunction Syndromes, Syndromes Associated with Defective Fe-S Protein Maturation

Mitochondrial proteins carrying iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are involved in essential cellular pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, lipoic acid synthesis, and iron metabolism. NFU1, BOLA3, IBA57, ISCA2, and ISCA1 are involved in the last steps of the maturation of mitochondrial [4Fe-4S]-containing proteins. Since 2011, mutations in their genes leading to five multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndromes (MMDS types 1 to 5) were reported. The aim of this systematic review is to describe all reported MMDS-patients. Their clinical, biological, and radiological data and associated genotype will be compared to each other. Despite certain specific clinical elements such as pulmonary hypertension or dilated cardiomyopathy in MMDS type 1 or 2, respectively, nearly all of the patients with MMDS presented with severe and early onset leukoencephalopathy. Diagnosis could be suggested by high lactate, pyruvate, and glycine levels in body fluids. Genetic analysis including large gene panels (Next Generation Sequencing) or whole exome sequencing is needed to confirm diagnosis

Lien entre la protéine suppresseur de tumeur p53 et la biogenèse des centres Fe-S

National audienceLien entre la protéine suppresseur de tumeur p53 et la biogenèse des centres Fe-S. Aujourd’hui, près de 400 000 nouveaux cancers sont diagnostiqués chaque année en France. Cependant, on n’en guérit actuellement qu’un tiers, alors qu’un des objectifs est d’en guérir le double d’ici 2025. L’identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques est par conséquent absolument fondamental

Complementation of Yeast Arc1p by the p43 Component of the Human Multisynthetase Complex does not Require its Association with Yeast MetRS and GluRS

International audienceYeast Arc1p, human p43 and plant methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) possess an EMAPII-like domain capable of non-specific interactions with tRNA. Arc1p interacts with MetRS (MES1) and GluRS and operates as a tRNA-interacting factor (tIF) in trans of these two synthetases. In plant MetRS, the EMAPII-like domain is fused to the catalytic core of the synthetase and acts as a cis-acting tIF for aminoacylation. We observed that the catalytic core of plant MetRS expressed from a centromeric plasmid cannot complement a yeast arc1 2 mes1 2 strain. Overexpression of the mutant enzyme from a high-copy number plasmid restored cell growth, suggesting that deletion of its C-terminal tIF domain was responsible for the poor aminoacylation efficiency of that enzyme in vivo. Accordingly, expression of full-size plant MetRS from a centromeric plasmid, but also of fusion proteins between its catalytic core and the EMAPII-like domains of yeast Arc1p or of human p43 restored cell viability. These data showed that homologous tIF domains from different origins are interchangeable and may act indifferently in trans or in cis of the catalytic domain of a synthetase. Unexpectedly, co-expression of Arc1p with the catalytic core of plant MetRS restored cell viability as well, even though Arc1p did not associate with plant MetRS. Because Arc1p also interacts with yeast GluRS, restoration of cell growth could be due at least in part to its role of cofactor for that enzyme. However, co-expression of human p43, a tIF that did not associate with plant MetRS or with yeast GluRS and MetRS, also restored cell viability of a yeast strain that expressed the catalytic core of plant MetRS. These results show that p43 and Arc1p are able to facilitate tRNA aminoacylation in vivo even if they do not interact physically with the synthetases. We propose that p43/Arc1p may be involved in sequestering tRNAs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, thereby increasing their availability for protein synthesis

Large Arf1 guanine nucleotide exchange factors: evolution, domain structure, and roles in membrane trafficking and human disease

International audienceThe Sec7 domain ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are found in all eukaryotes, and are involved in membrane remodeling processes throughout the cell. This review is focused on members of the GBF/Gea and BIG/Sec7 sub-families of Arf GEFs, all of which use the class I Arf proteins (Arf1-3) as substrates, and play a fundamental role in traYcking in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi and endosomal membrane systems. Members of the GBF/Gea and BIG/Sec7 subfamilies are large proteins on the order of 200 kDa, and they possess multiple homology domains. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that both of these subfami-lies of Arf GEFs have members in at least Wve out of the six eukaryotic supergroups, and hence were likely present very early in eukaryotic evolution. The homology domains of the large Arf1 GEFs play important functional roles, and are involved in interactions with numerous protein partners. The large Arf1 GEFs have been implicated in several human diseases. They are crucial host factors for the repli-cation of several viral pathogens, including poliovirus, cox-sackievirus, mouse hepatitis coronavirus, and hepatitis C virus. Mutations in the BIG2 Arf1 GEF have been linked to autosomal recessive periventricular heterotopia, a disorder of neuronal migration that leads to severe malformation of the cerebral cortex. Understanding the roles of the Arf1 GEFs in membrane dynamics is crucial to a full understanding of traYcking in the secretory and endosomal pathways, which in turn will provide essential insights into human diseases that arise from misregulation of these pathways

La protéine MDM2 favorise la mort cellulaire en affectant la bioénergétique mitochondriale

Pour la sixième année, dans le cadre du module d’enseignement « Physiopathologie de la signalisation » proposé par l’université Paris-sud, les étudiants du Master « Biologie Santé » de l’université Paris-Saclay se sont confrontés à l’écriture scientifique. Ils ont sélectionné une quinzaine d’articles scientifiques récents dans le domaine de la signalisation cellulaire présentant des résultats originaux, via des approches expérimentales variées, sur des thèmes allant des relations hôte-pathogène aux innovations thérapeutiques, en passant par la signalisation hépatique et le métabolisme. Après un travail préparatoire réalisé avec l’équipe pédagogique, les étudiants, organisés en binômes, ont ensuite rédigé, guidés par des chercheurs, une Nouvelle soulignant les résultats majeurs et l’originalité de l’article étudié. Ils ont beaucoup apprécié cette initiation à l’écriture d’articles scientifiques et, comme vous pourrez le lire, se sont investis dans ce travail avec enthousiasme ! Trois de ces Nouvelles sont publiées dans ce numéro, les autres le seront dans des prochains numéros