A Modeling Framework to Describe the Transmission of Bluetongue Virus within and between Farms in Great Britain

Recently much attention has been given to developing national-scale micro-simulation models for livestock diseases that can be used to predict spread and assess the impact of control measures. The focus of these models has been on directly transmitted infections with little attention given to vector-borne diseases such as bluetongue, a viral disease of ruminants transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Yet BT has emerged over the past decade as one of the most important diseases of livestock.We developed a stochastic, spatially-explicit, farm-level model to describe the spread of bluetongue virus (BTV) within and between farms. Transmission between farms was modeled by a generic kernel, which includes both animal and vector movements. Once a farm acquired infection, the within-farm dynamics were simulated based on the number of cattle and sheep kept on the farm and on local temperatures. Parameter estimates were derived from the published literature and using data from the outbreak of bluetongue in northern Europe in 2006. The model was validated using data on the spread of BTV in Great Britain during 2007. The sensitivity of model predictions to the shape of the transmission kernel was assessed.The model is able to replicate the dynamics of BTV in Great Britain. Although uncertainty remains over the precise shape of the transmission kernel and certain aspects of the vector, the modeling approach we develop constitutes an ideal framework in which to incorporate these aspects as more and better data become available. Moreover, the model provides a tool with which to examine scenarios for the spread and control of BTV in Great Britain

Linking early-life NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress in schizophrenia pathogenesis.

Molecular, genetic and pathological evidence suggests that deficits in GABAergic parvalbumin-positive interneurons contribute to schizophrenia pathophysiology through alterations in the brain's excitation-inhibition balance that result in impaired behaviour and cognition. Although the factors that trigger these deficits are diverse, there is increasing evidence that they converge on a common pathological hub that involves NMDA receptor hypofunction and oxidative stress. These factors have been separately linked to schizophrenia pathogenesis, but evidence now suggests that they are mechanistically interdependent and contribute to a common schizophrenia-associated pathology

Problemas y soluciones en la implementación de un Programa de Implante Valvular Aórtico Percutáneo

Introducción La sobrevida de la estenosis aórtica grave sintomática inoperable es baja. El implante percutáneo de válvula aórtica (IVAP) representa una alternativa para estos pacientes. Es nuestra práctica que los candidatos a IVAP ingresen en un programa de evaluación (Programa de IVAP) para determinar su elegibilidad clínica para, luego, solicitar la aprobación a la cobertura de salud. Objetivos Evaluar las causas de la exclusión de pacientes del procedimiento y su impacto clínico. Material y métodos Desde abril de 2009 hasta agosto de 2011, 37 pacientes ingresaron en el Programa de IVAP. Resultados De los 37 pacientes, 29 recibieron el tratamiento o fueron descartados: 14 fueron sometidos a IVAP (grupo IVAP, 48,3%) y 15 fueron descartados (grupo no IVAP 52,7%). Del grupo no IVAP, seis pacientes (40%) fueron descartados por el Programa y cuatro por la cobertura médica, mientras que otros cinco pacientes fallecieron aguardando la autorización. La mediana de EuroSCORE de la población fue del 22% (rango 10-56%) y el promedio de edad fue de 79 ± 8 años. En un seguimiento de 12 meses, la mortalidad del grupo IVAP y no IVAP fue del 7,1% y del 33,3%, respectivamente (p = 0,082). La mortalidad cardiovascular total fue del 17,2%, en todos los casos del grupo no IVAP. Conclusión En nuestro medio, más de la mitad de los pacientes evaluados en un Programa de IVAP no son intervenidos. Razones médicas y socioeconómicas inciden en la toma de decisiones y en la realización o no del IVAP, observándose una mortalidad importante en los pacientes no tratados