EATING DISORDERS AND ITS EFFECT TOWARD THE ORAL CAVITY: A REVIEW

ABSTRACTObjective: To find and review the eating disorders and its effects towards the oral cavity.Methods: Various articles were reviewed from Pubmed and the internet and were analyzed to write the review.Results: It is evident from many studies that eating disorders and its effect are prevalent in our societies and has found to have a major effect in oralhealth.Conclusion: Eating disorders are found to be affecting almost 15% of young girls to varying degrees and around 5 to 10 times more than men. Theseillnesses involve a constant pondering with food, a hallucinative body image and high end measures are taken by the victims to control weight tothe extent of harming their body and mental health and also disturbs their social relationships and interactions. The most common eating disordersare anorexia nervosa (restriction of food intake) and bulimia (episodes of compulsive eating). Damage to the teeth associated with eating disordersare normally caused due to both mechanical and chemical wear. The enamel can also be eroded by the excess of acid from the stomach and reducesthe enamel layer and thereby exposes the underlying dentine which is sensitive; the backs of the teeth, facing the palate and at the gum line aroundthe incisors also is affected. In due time,the enamel slowly erodes in the backside of the teeth.Keywords: Eating, Disorder, Oral cavity

Fission-fusion dynamics and group-size dependent composition in heterogeneous populations

Many animal groups are heterogeneous and may even consist of individuals of different species, called mixed-species flocks. Mathematical and computational models of collective animal movement behaviour, however, typically assume that groups and populations consist of identical individuals. In this paper, using the mathematical framework of the coagulation-fragmentation process, we develop and analyse a model of merge and split group dynamics, also called fission-fusion dynamics, for heterogeneous populations that contain two types (or species) of individuals. We assume that more heterogeneous groups experience higher split rates than homogeneous groups, forming two daughter groups whose compositions are drawn uniformly from all possible partitions. We analytically derive a master equation for group size and compositions and find mean-field steady-state solutions. We predict that there is a critical group size below which groups are more likely to be homogeneous and contain the abundant type/species. Despite the propensity of heterogeneous groups to split at higher rates, we find that groups are more likely to be heterogeneous but only above the critical group size. Monte-Carlo simulation of the model show excellent agreement with these analytical model results. Thus, our model makes a testable prediction that composition of flocks are group-size dependent and do not merely reflect the population level heterogeneity. We discuss the implications of our results to empirical studies on flocking systems.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure

Evaluation of Renoprotective Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Morinda citrifolia L. in a Murine Model of Gentamicin-induced Nephrotoxicity

AIM: The present study was undertaken to evaluate noni fruit juice for its protective effects on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. METHODS:Wistar albino rats of either sex, weighing 150-200g were divided into 4 groups; normal saline, gentamicin 80 mg/kg, i.p.,i for 8 days, noni fruit juice 5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o., for 8 days, noni fruit juice 3 days prior and concurrently with gentamicin for 5 days. Blood urea, serum creatinine, serum uric acid and blood urea nitrogen analyses and microscopic examination of kidney were performed after the treatment. RESULTS: Gentamicin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in blood urea and serum creatinine. Serum urea, serum uric acid, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were increased with gentamicin compared to saline-treated animals (162.33 ± 9.92mg/dl, 3.13 ± 0.12 mg/dl, 6.85 ± 0.35 mg/dl and 75.86 ± 4.64 mg/dl respectively).Co-administration of noni fruit juice with gentamicin decreased the rise in in these parameters in a dose dependent manner. Study of renal morphology by light microscope showed epithelial loss with intense granular degeneration involving \u3e50% renal cortex in gentamicin treated rats, whereas in noni fruit juice plus gentamicin treated rat revealed insignificant changes in tubular epithelium. CONCLUSION: To conclude, our data suggest that supplementation of noni fruit juice may be useful in reducing gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats

TOOTH SENSITIVITY AMONG RESIDENTIAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN CHENNAI

ABSTRACTObjective: To assess the experience of TS of residential university students from different universities in Chennai.Methods: Students of different colleges were given questionnaires on TS. The answered questionnaires were then analyzed in SPSS online softwareand the results were foundResults: From the data, it is infered that the knowledge of treatment for TS isn't well-known among students and improper brushing techniques andsoft drink consumption are main reasons for TS.Conclusion: From the data, one can infer that TS has becomeNo quite prevalent in today's society and with less awareness on its treatment. Thepeople should be taught to maintain their oral hygiene, and proper brushing techniques should be taught and diet should be altered according tohealth. Soft drinks should be avoided to the highest extent and treatment for sensitivity should be taken promptly.Keywords: Dentin, sensitivity, students

EFFECT OF CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTHWASH ON TASTE ALTERATION

Objective: Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash is used as an antibacterial mouthwash since it is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negativeorganisms, anaerobes, aerobes, and yeast. It helps in reduction of dental plaque and is used to help treat gingivitis. Adverse effects of chlorohexidineare increased staining of teeth, burning sensation and most importantly taste alteration. This study will be based on the change of taste perceptionafter rinsing with 0.2% CHX. To study the effect of 0.2% CHX mouthwash on taste perception.Methods: Patients were exposed to different tastes using four samples-sweet, sour, bitter and saltiness and using a visual analog scale the intensity oftaste perception was noted before and after CHX rinses. This study was performed on 100 patients from Saveetha Dental College.Results: Sweet taste was the same for 59% of the cases while 31% of them had mild decrease in sweetness. In the case of sourness, 76% had samewhile 17% had mild reduction in sour sensation. For bitterness 2% of the cases had same, 25% had mild decrease, 63% had moderate decrease and4% had severe decrease for the taste. While in saltiness, 9% of the cases had same, 58% had mild decresase and 26% had severe decrease.Conclusion: It was found that 0.2% CHX has reduced the intensity of bitterness and saltiness quite drastically while sweetness and sourness hadshown very less to no reduction in an intensity of taste perception.Keywords: Chlorhexidine, Mouthwash, Taste, Dysguesia

EFFECT OF CURCUMA LONGA EXTRACT ON BIOFILM FORMATION BY STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

Objective: To find the effect of Curcuma longa extract on biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans.Methods: The organism S. mutans was isolated from saliva sample using special media (Mutans - sanguis agar) and maintained in tryptone soya agar at 4°C in Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals.Results: From the study, we infer that 78.35% of inhibition of the biofilm formation is seen with 100 ug of curcumin extract. From the result, it is evident that curcumin has a very good inhibitory effect on S. mutans growth.Conclusion: The study concludes the inhibitory action of curcumin on S. mutans by preventing biofilm formation

A STUDY ON VARIATIONS OF SALIVARY pH WITH INTAKE OF FOOD

ABSTRACTObjective: Study the changes in salivary pH before and after consumption of food in college students. Methods: The study was conducted on 60 students from Saveetha Dental College by checking the pH of their saliva using a pocket pH meter and thedata was entered and compared in SPSS software along with their diet.Results: The data showed significant change in the pH of saliva before and after food intake and consumption on certain food types leads to alkalinityof the oral cavity.Conclusion: This study helped in concluding the role of types of food in changing the pH of the oral cavity and thereby helps the need for properselection on food is necessary and importance of buffering action in pH maintenance.Keywords: Saliva, pH, foo

Nonlinearly Elastic Maps: Energy Minimizing Configurations of Membranes on Prescribed Surfaces

We propose a model for nonlinearly elastic membranes and consider deformations confined to a regular frictionless surface in $\mathbb{R}^3$. This is a physically correct model of the sometimes crudely stated motivation for harmonic maps between manifolds. The membrane energy function is convex in the strain pair comprising the deformation gradient and the local area ratio. If the target surface is a plane, the problem reduces to 2-dimensional, polyconvex nonlinear elasticity. On the other hand, the energy density is not rank-one convex for unconstrained deformations into $\mathbb{R}^3$. We show that the problem admits an energy-minimizing configuration when constrained to lie on the given surface. For a class of Dirichlet-placement problems, we demonstrate that the minimizing deformation is a homeomorphism onto its image and establish the weak Eulerian form of the equilibrium equations.Comment: 10 page

Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Nanocrystalline MnFe2O4

AbstractNanocrystalline form of manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) has been synthesized by simple sol-gel auto combustion method using citric acid as chelating agent. The obtained nanocrystalline powders of manganese ferrite were subjected to structural and magnetic measurements. Temperature dependent magnetization was also carried out for the single phase nanocrystalline manganese ferrite and the results have been discussed in detail

Effects of different sub-lethal concentrations of plasticizer-Diethyl phthalate on Fresh water murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch)

In the present study, effects of exposure to different sub lethal concentrations of diethyl phthalate on hematological, biochemical and histological parameters of fresh water murrel, Channa striatus were evaluated. LC50 of DEP was determined and was found to be 70ppm for the present study. The experimental fishes were divided into control and DEP exposed groups. DEP exposed fish species were subjected to 0.4 ppm, 4 ppm and 40ppm concen-trations of DEP and observed after an interval of 7, 14 and 21days. Exposure to sub lethal levels of DEP revealed significant decrease in haematological parameters due to anemic condition induced by impaired haem synthesis. Exposure to DEP caused reduction in level of protein in muscle (*182.5, *180.7, *176.7, *176.1, *173.4,*167.5 and *165.7) and liver (*104.7, *98.6, *92.7, *87.7, *87.4, *86.4, *80.8, *75.6 and*68.6) due to impairment of protein synthesis. Levels of cholesterol in muscle and liver of DEP exposed fish were found to be decreased after treatment indicating either an inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in liver or reduced absorption of dietary cholesterol. Histo-pathological examination of liver of DEP exposed fish species showed necrosis in hepatocytes and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Histoarchitecture of kidney of DEP exposed fish species revealed shrinkage of glomeruli, glomerular distortion, vacuolization of tubular cells, necrosis and atrophy of renal tubules. As an endocrine disruptor, DEP interferes with the haematopoietic system metabolic machinery and histoarchitecture of organs of Channa striatus