Sequential therapies after atezolizumab plus bevacizumab or lenvatinib first-line treatments in hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Introduction: The aim of this retrospective proof-of-concept study was to compare different second-line treatments for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and progressive disease (PD) after first-line lenvatinib or atezolizumab plus bevacizumab.Materials and methods: A total of 1381 patients had PD at first-line therapy. 917 patients received lenvatinib as first-line treatment, and 464 patients atezolizumab plus bevacizumab as first-line.Results: 49.6% of PD patients received a second-line therapy without any statistical difference in overall survival (OS) between lenvatinib (20.6 months) and atezolizumab plus bev-acizumab first-line (15.7 months; p = 0.12; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.80). After lenvatinib first-line, there wasn't any statistical difference between second-line therapy subgroups (p = 0.27; sorafenib HR: 1; immunotherapy HR: 0.69; other therapies HR: 0.85). Patients who under-went trans-arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) had a significative longer OS than patients who received sorafenib (24.7 versus 15.8 months, p < 0.01; HR = 0.64). After atezolizumab plus bevacizumab first-line, there was a statistical difference between second-line therapy subgroups (p < 0.01; sorafenib HR: 1; lenvatinib HR: 0.50; cabozantinib HR: 1.29; other therapies HR: 0.54). Patients who received lenvatinib (17.0 months) and those who under-went TACE (15.9 months) had a significative longer OS than patients treated with sorafenib (14.2 months; respectively, p = 0.01; HR = 0.45, and p < 0.05; HR = 0.46).Conclusion: Approximately half of patients receiving first-line lenvatinib or atezolizumab plus bevacizumab access second-line treatment. Our data suggest that in patients progressed to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, the systemic therapy able to achieve the longest survival is lenvatinib, while in patients progressed to lenvatinib, the systemic therapy able to achieve the longest survival is immunotherapy

Characteristics of laser produced plasmas of hafnium and tantalum in the 1–7 nm region

Soft X-ray (SXR) spectra from hafnium and tantalum laser produced plasmas were recorded in the 1–7 nm region using two Nd:YAG lasers with pulse lengths of 170 ps and 10 ns, respectively, operating at a range of power densities. The maximum focused peak power density was 2.  3 × 1014 W cm-2 for 170 ps pulses and 1.  8 × 1012 W cm-2 for 10 ns pulses, respectively. Two intense quasicontinuous intensity bands resulting from n = 4 - n = 4 and n = 4 - n = 5 unresolved transition arrays (UTAs) dominate both sets of experimental spectra. Comparison with calculations performed with the Cowan suite of atomic structure codes as well as consideration of previous experimental and theoretical results aided identification of the most prominent features in the spectra. For the 10 ns spectrum, the highest ion stage that could be identified from the n = 4 - n = 5 arrays were lower than silver-like Hf25+ and Ta26+ (which has a 4d104f ground configuration) indicating that the plasma temperature attained was too low to produce ions with an outermost 4d subshell, while for the 170 ps plasmas the presence of significantly higher stages was deduced and lines due to 4d–5p transitions were clearly evident. Furthermore, we show an enhancement of emission from tantalum using dual laser irradiation, and the effect of pre-pulse durations and delay times between two pulses are demonstrated

Characteristics of laser produced plasmas of hafnium and tantalum in the 1-7 nm region

Soft X-ray (SXR) spectra from hafnium and tantalum laser produced plasmas were recorded in the 1–7 nm region using two Nd:YAG lasers with pulse lengths of 170 ps and 10 ns, respectively, operating at a range of power densities. The maximum focused peak power density was 2.3 x 10^14 W cm^2 for 170 ps pulses and 1.8 x 10^12 W cm^2 for 10 ns pulses, respectively. Two intense quasicontinuous intensity bands resulting from n = 4 – n = 4 and n = 4 – n = 5 unresolved transition arrays (UTAs) dominate both sets of experimental spectra. Comparison with calculations performed with the Cowan suite of atomic structure codes as well as consideration of previous experimental and theoretical results aided identificationof the most prominent features in the spectra. For the 10 ns spectrum, the highest ion stage that could be identified from the n = 4 – n = 5 arrays were lower than silver-like H^{25+} and Ta^{26+} (which has a 4d^10 4f ground configuration) indicating that the plasma temperature attained was too low to produce ions with an outermost 4d subshell, while for the 170 ps plasmas the presence of significantly higher stages was deduced and lines due to 4d–5p transitions were clearly evident. Furthermore, we show an enhancement of emission from tantalum using dual laser irradiation, and the effect of pre-pulse durations and delay times between two pulses are demonstrated

Characteristics of the soft X-ray emission from laser-produced highly charged platinum plasmas

レーザー生成プラチナプラズマからの軟X線放射の特性について理論的、実験的に解析した。21価〜34価のイオンからの放射が「炭素の窓」波長域に現れる。ダブルパルス励起において、パルスの時間間隔を変えて、プラズマの温度密度条件とオパシティを最適化することで、最大20%の発光強度の増加が得られた

Spectral dynamics of soft X‐ray emission in dual‐laser‐produced medium‐Z plasma

レーザー照射によって生成する、ジルコニウム等の中Z原子のプラズマのEUV発光特性の理論的、実験的解析を行った。生体顕微鏡などに応用可能な水の窓波長域の発光のスペクトルや強度と、それに対するプリパルスレーザー照射の効果について、実験および衝突輻射モデルの理論計算によって解析した

Intense water-window soft x-ray emission by spectral control using dual laser pulses

レーザープラズマを用いた水の窓波長領域の光源における発光スペクトルと自己吸収の最適化の研究を行った。さらにパルス幅150psのプリパルスレーザーと10nsのメインパルスレーザーを組み合わせた照射を行うと、光源のサイズを小さく保った状態で高いレーザー吸収率が得られ効率的な発光が得られることを示した

Influence of short pulse duration of carbon-dioxide lasers on extreme ultraviolet emission from laser produced plasmas

We describe the production of mid-infrared (mid-IR) short carbon dioxide (CO2) laser pulses with variable durations from 3 to 15ns at a maximum pulse energy of 150 mJ/pulse using a germanium (Ge) substrate semiconductor switch and a multipass amplifier. The results clearly show the spectral profiles possess all of the desired characteristics as well as the possibility of obtaining an energy conversion efficiency close to the theoretical upper limit. It is also shown that it is necessary to irradiate with pulse durations less than 10ns to optimize efficient EUV emission using Sn and Gd targets