Stratigraphy of the Yoshida-mura Shell beds of Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu. : On the so-called "Shirasu" and "Hai-ishi" (II)

ArticleJournal of the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Shinshu University. Part 2, Natural science 14: 49-55(1964)departmental bulletin pape

Grace Notes: A Case for Making Mitigation the Heart of Noncapital Sentencing

Investigation and presentation of comprehensive life history mitigation is at the heart of successful capital litigation that has contributed to a steady decline in capital sentences. Noncapital incarceration rates have also begun to level, and various legal developments have signaled a reascent of more individualized noncapital sentencing proceedings. This return to individualized sentencing invites consideration of whether life history mitigation may, as it has in capital cases, hasten a turn away from mostly retributive punishment resulting in disproportionately harsh noncapital sentencing to a more merciful rehabilitative approach. The robust capital mitigation practice required by today\u27s prevailing professional capital defense norms developed following the Supreme Court\u27s Eighth Amendment doctrine requiring individualized capital sentences that account for the unique characteristics of the offender. No such doctrinal imperative applies to noncapital sentencing. As a result, professional noncapital defense sentencing standards, while providing a general basis for various aspects of sentencing advocacy, remain relatively underdeveloped, though the same bases for ameliorating punishment in capital cases should apply with equal practical force to noncapital cases

Keep on Keeping On: Maintaining Momentum for Criminal Justice Reform During the Trump Era

President Donald Trump and his Attorney General, Jeff Sessions, have swiftly and starkly distinguished their criminal justice rhetoric and policies from those of their predecessors. President Trump and Attorney General Sessions have traded on racist stereotypes and notions that criminals have been emboldened in recent years in the wake of the Obama Administration’s purported lenience in law enforcement and sentencing. In doing so, the Trump Administration has heightened the imperative for criminal justice reform, particularly for policies designed to reduce the numbers of people in jails and prison, the most urgent civil rights and racial justice issue of the past forty years

Sounding the Echoes of Racial Injustice Beyond the Death Chamber: Strategies for Moving Past McCleskey

I thank Professors Dorothy Roberts, Kendall Thomas, and David Rudovsky for providing such provoking food-for-thought at this special Symposium. These three scholars propose ways of helping us move past McCleskey v. Kemp\u27s framework, which fosters the legal denial of race discrimination in the application of criminal laws in the United States. Professors Roberts and Thomas offer examples of the ways in which courts ignore the historical realities of racism in criminal justice and propose that we educate and re-educate people about the fundamentals of racial discrimination in the application of criminal laws. Professor Rudovsky offers examples of successful litigation challenging criminal justice policies and practices that target African Americans and other people of color living in the United States

電子ジャーナル問題における国立大学図書館協会学術資料整備委員会電子ジャーナルワーキンググループの活動 : 電子ジャーナルの価格高騰問題への対応とオープンアクセスの可能性に向けて

特集 　学術情報流通基盤の変革を目指して －電子ジャーナル問題で疲弊する大学、その解決策を探る

リッポウシャ ニ タイスル ホウカイセイ ノ ギムヅケ カイゼン ギム ニ カンスル ドイツ ノ ガクセツ ノ コウサツ

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The Disparate Impact of an Underfunded, Patchwork Indigent Defense System on Mississippi’s African Americans: The Civil Rights Case for Establishing a Statewide, Fully Funded Public Defender System

A fundamental principal of our nation\u27s criminal justice system is that regardless of financial status, whether wealthy or destitute, every accused person is entitled to the effective assistance of counsel. Despite over a decade of calls for reform by state courts, Mississippi is one of the few states that fail to meet its obligation to provide funding for attorneys representing the indigent criminally accused. As a result, Mississippi\u27s counties have shouldered the responsibility of paying court-appointed counsel without financial contribution from the state. The state\u27s eighty-two counties vary widely in wealth and resources. Some counties are able to provide reasonably adequate funding for indigent defense services, and even feature full-time, fully staffed public defender offices. Others, however, have maintained under-funded, part-time, court-appointed counsel systems. The resulting patchwork system of indigent defense practically ensures geographic disparities in the quality of counsel provided to poor Mississippians. Alternatively, a defendant\u27s access to counsel or decent advocacy varies widely depending on the county in which he is charged. African Americans in Mississippi, as throughout the nation, are disproportionately among the poor and the criminally accused. Therefore, the state\u27s failure to fund attorneys for the indigent accused acutely affects African Americans. The effects of the absence of meaningful advocacy for poor defendants reverberates widely and impacts African American families, neighborhoods, and communities

Why do doctored images distort memory?

Doctored images can cause people to believe in and remember experiences that never occurred, yet the underlying mechanism(s) responsible are not well understood. How does compelling false evidence distort autobiographical memory? Subjects were filmed observing and copying a Research Assistant performing simple actions, then they returned 2 days later for a memory test. Before taking the test, subjects viewed video-clips of simple actions, including actions that they neither observed nor performed earlier. We varied the format of the video-clips between-subjects to tap into the source-monitoring mechanisms responsible for the ‘doctored-evidence effect.’ The distribution of belief and memory distortions across conditions suggests that at least two mechanisms are involved: doctored images create an illusion of familiarity, and also enhance the perceived credibility of false suggestions. These findings offer insight into how external evidence influences source-monitoring