Civil society of modern Russia : problems of implementation of constitutional rights and freedoms

Purpose: The aim of this article is to identify problems of legal regulation of the development of civil society in modern Russia. Tasks: to analyze the position of legal regulation of legal relations, to compare formed legal relations in link "state - public authorities - society - person" Design/Methodology/Approach: The theoretical basis of the study is works of scientists in the field of administrative law and state administration concerning the guarantee of rights and freedoms of citizens by executive power rights. Authors revealed the features, essence, internal relations and the relationship of state policy and society, to identify the role of administrative law and make own view on their essence and content. Findings: Authors highlight the interconnections between the law and science and disclose the multi-dimensional concept of administration. Practical implications: Authors' development could be utilized in future developments of Russian legal frameworks at all levels of administration. Originality/Value: The contribution of the article is the comprehensive analysis of legal norm and clarification of basic concepts of administration.peer-reviewe

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО АДМИНИСТРИРОВАНИЯ

It is generally believed that the subject of any investigation should be a problem the solution of which removes an apparent or actual contradiction. But the very idea of social management as a mechanism for conflict cooperation involves solid contradictions and problems. Every solution generates new problems. With this approach, the subject of the public administration theory is scientific substantiation of the process of achieving the optimal government control by improving the organization of such activities. The author notes that, in addition to philosophical and ideological principles the methodology of administrative law includes general and special research methods that apply to other law sciences. Moreover, each science is to shape their own methodological basis relying on the general theory of knowledge. With regard for specific targets and objects of research, different sciences have a common goal - to provide society with new evidence-based structured knowledge. It is concluded that the integrated use of different methods and approaches contributes to the establishment and generalization of specific features of the legal institution and solving problems of its legal regulation at the federal and regional levels.Считается, что предметом любого исследования должна являться проблема, решение которой снимает кажущееся или действительное противоречие. Но в самой идее социального управления как механизме конфликтного сотрудничества заложены сплошные противоречия и проблемы. Решение одних порождает новые. При таком подходе предметом теории государственного администрирования является проблема научного обоснования процесса достижения оптимального государственного управления путем совершенствования организации такой деятельности. Обращаясь к заявленной проблематике, автор отмечает, что, кроме философской и мировоззренческой основы, методология административного права включает общие и частнонаучные методы исследования, что применимо и к другим юридическим наукам. При этом каждая наука призвана формировать свои методологические основы, опираясь на общую теорию познания; с учетом специфических целей и объекта исследования разные науки имеют общую цель - предоставление обществу нового системно выстроенного доказательного знания. В результате автор резюмирует, что комплексное применение различных методов и подходов способствует установлению и обобщению особенностей правового института, решению проблем его правового регулирования на общефедеральном и региональном уровнях

ПРАВОВАЯ РЕГЛАМЕНТАЦИЯ ПРИВЛЕЧЕНИЯ К ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТИ В ОБЛАСТИ НАЛОГОВ И СБОРОВ

Within the declared perspective the author considered some problematic issues of implementation by offi cials of tax authorities of production on cases of offenses in the fi eld of taxes and fees, for the purpose of development of concrete measures and suggestions for improvement of a legal regulation of a procedural order of consideration of this category of affairs and accountability for violation of the tax law. Thus the author pays attention that feature of purpose of punishments, that some subjects of legal relationship responsible can be made for the same offense in the tax sphere is: the legal entity (as a rule, according to standards of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), the offi cial or simply natural person (according to standards of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences).And in the presence as a part of crime signs — that and natural person (according to the criminal code of Russian Federation).Summarizing the author notes that at identifi cation of the fact of an offense during cameral or exit tax audits for which administrative responsibility is provided, it is expedient to make the protocol on an administrative offense and to transfer him to the offi cial, whose competence includes consideration of this category of affairs within administrative process, along with further implementation of control and supervising production, and on the end of tax audit to draw up the relevant statement. In this connection, new edition of item 15 of Art. 101 and item 13 of Art. 101.4 of the Tax code of the Russian Federation is offered. Рассмотрены некоторые проблемные вопросы осуществления должностными лицами налоговых органов производства по делам о правонарушениях в области налогов и сборов с целью разработки конкретных мер и предложений по совершенствованию правовой регламентации процессуального порядка рассмотрения данной категории дел и привлечения к ответственности за нарушение налогового законодательства. При этом автор обращает внимание на особенность назначения наказаний — за одно и то же правонарушение в налоговой сфере к ответственности могут привлекаться несколько субъектов правоотношений: юридическое лицо (как правило, в соответствии с нормами Налогового кодекса РФ), должностное или просто физическое лицо (в соответствии с нормами Кодекса об административных правонарушениях РФ), а при наличии в составе признаков преступления — и собственно физическое лицо (в соответствии с Уголовным кодексом РФ).Резюмируя, автор отмечает, что при выявлении факта правонарушения в ходе камеральной или выездной налоговой проверки, за которое предусмотрена административная ответственность, целесообразно составлять протокол об административном правонарушении и передавать его должностному лицу, в чью компетенцию входит рассмотрение данной категории дел в рамках административного процесса, одновременно с дальнейшим осуществлением контрольно-надзорного производства, а по окончании налоговой проверки составлять соответствующий акт. В связи с этим предлагается новая редакция п. 15 ст. 101 и п. 13 ст. 101.4 Налогового кодекса Российской Федерации.

К ПРЕДМЕТУ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОГО ПРАВА СОВРЕМЕНОЙ РОССИИ

Based on the study of state administration problems typical for modern Russia it is stated that the administrative law should not be reduced exclusively to the administrative and police spheres though the latter are undoubtedly indispensable parts of the administrative law system. The administrative law is substantially wider: it provides a legal framework for the public administration in all spheres of human activities, namely the social and cultural, financial and economic, administrative and political and others; establishes an administrative order and appropriate legal regime the violation of which creates liability of a perpetrator; it studies everything that occurs in the sphere of the state administration. The administrative law to a certain extent and in a specific volume regulates the administration order and procedure in stipulations of the law.Авторы на основе проведенного исследования проблем государственного администрирования современной России констатируют, что административное право не стоит ограничивать лишь двумя сферами - «управленческой» и «полицейской», хотя они, несомненно, занимают важнейшее положение в системе административного права. Административное право неизмеримо шире: оно нормативно определяет публичное администрирование во всех сферах жизнедеятельности, а именно: социально-культурной, финансово-экономической, административно-политической и иных сферах; устанавливает административный порядок и соответствующий правовой режим, за нарушение которого и предусматривается ответственность; оно исследует все, что происходит в сфере государственного администрирования. Административное право в определенных пределах и в конкретном объеме регламентирует в правовых установлениях порядок и процедуру администрирования

Alternative scenarios of starvation-induced adaptation in Pectobacterium atrosepticum

© 2016 Institut Pasteur.Bacteria have high adaptive potential that ensures their survival during various environmental challenges. To adapt, bacteria activate a physiological program of stress response that makes them able to persist under adverse conditions. The present study sought to examine the ability of a particular bacterial species to induce a stress response in alternative scenarios. Cells of the phytopathogenic microorganism Pectobacterium atrosepticum were taken as a model. The cells were exposed to starvation in different physiological states (actively growing exponential phase and stationary phase cells), and the resulting starving cultures were monitored using CFU counting, quantitative PCR and electron microscopy. When exponential phase cells were subjected to starvation, the nucleoids of the cells became condensed and their DNA was detected by qPCR less effectively than that of cells growing in nutrient-rich medium, or stationary phase cells after starvation. Exponential phase cells subjected to starvation showed increased expression of genes encoding DNA binding histone-like proteins, whereas, in cultures inoculated by stationary phase cells, cell-wall-deficient forms that were inefficient at colony forming and that had a non-culturable phenotype were formed. The cell-wall-deficient forms displayed reduced expression of genes encoding synthases of cell wall components

Stress response in Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 under starvation conditions: Adaptive reactions at a low population density

The adaptive reactions of plant pathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 under starvation conditions were studied. The main emphasis was given to the peculiarities of stress responses depending on the bacterial population densities. When bacteria were subjected to starvation at high population densities (107-109CFUml-1), their adaptive reactions conformed to the conventional conception of bacterial adaptation related to autolysis of part of the population, specific modification of cell ultrastructure, activation of expression of stress responsive genes and acquiring cross protection against other stress factors. In contrast, at low initial population densities (103-105CFUml-1), as described in our recent work, the cell density increased due to multiple cell division despite the absence of exogenous growth substrate. Here we present data that demonstrate that such unconventional behavior is part of a stress response, which provides increased stress tolerance while retaining virulence. Cell morphology and gene expression in high- and low-cell-density starving Pba cultures were compared. Our investigation demonstrates the existence of alternative adaptive strategies enabling pathogenic bacteria to cope with a variety of stress factors, including starvation, especially necessary when residing outside of their host. © 2013 Institut Pasteur

Functional self-limitation of state authority

Based on the analytical and synthesis study of a wide range of published documentary sources, the article presents the authors’ approach to the issue of self-restriction of state power. It is concluded that, in the considered context of the Russian Federation, the problem of the constant and continuous improvement of the system of separation of state power often seems to manifest itself satisfactoril