An Overview of The Ferro Alloys Industry in India

Ferro alloys are essential inputs in quality steelmaking and are used as deoxidizers and, more importantly, as alloying additions to impart desired properties. The growth of the ferro alloy industry as such is closely linked with the development of the steel industry

Case History of Tunnelling Through Claystone

A broad gauge railway line is being constructed by Indian Railways in Himalaya. The total route length is 342kms, out of which about 100km is in tunnels. The tunnelling problem while excavating the Tunnel no.1 of Udhampur-Katra section and being faced currently is discussed in the paper. The D-shaped tunnel passes through thickly bedded, moderately soft, sparsely jointed sandstone, sheared claystones, siltstones and overburden comprising boulders/pebbles in sandy/silty matrix. The support pressure and the deformation were monitored to study the performance of the support system. Due to the presence of swelling minerals in claystone and weak & highly jointed rock formations with high rock cover (313m), the tunnel experienced both swelling and squeezing ground conditions resulting in the buckling of wall supports of steel ribs, cracking of tunnel wall concrete lining at places and floor heaving up to 1.2m. With the deformation of wall supports, the tunnel roof support also deformed. Numerical analysis using FLAC3D has been carried out to study the effectiveness of the support system. The study shows that the tunnel with out any support may have the wall deformations up to 2.76m. On the other hand, with rock bolt and 40cm thick steel fibre reinforced shotcrete (SFRS) support, the wall deformation would reduce to 23cm

Performance Analysis of Optical Communication Systems using OFDM by Employing QPSK Modulation

The high data rate along with good Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of Next Generation Network (NGN) can be fulfilled by using the optical fiber communication networks. At high data rate, dispersion will be the limiting factor which needs to be suitably compensated. Many efforts have been drawn to the development of dispersion compensating devices / techniques to recover or prevent the broadening signal pulse. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is very attractive because of its capacity to handle the dispersion causing pulse broadening at the receiver without changing the internal architecture of the system. Thus Integration of Optical Communication Systems with OFDM system appears to be the most suitable technology for the NGN. The work presented here consist of the design, simulation and performance evaluation for the dispersion compensation in optical fiber communication systems using OFDM for high data rate transmission by utilizing the capacity of the optical fiber channel efficiently. The system performance has been analyzed and compared it with the single carrier optical communication systems. Various simulation results show that systems using OFDM can give dynamically tunable compensation of the dispersion by changing the various parameters of the OFDM systems. The work presented here reveals that the use of OFDM can be used to construct cost effective, high data capacity optical communication systems with extended transmission distance by employing dispersion compensation. These systems have the ability of supporting data rate up to 40 Gbps per optical channel and are appropriate for implementation as upgraded long haul high data rate optical Communication systems. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15014

The glass transition and crystallization kinetic studies on BaNaB9O15 glasses

Transparent glasses of BaNaB9O15 (BNBO) were fabricated via the conventional melt-quenching technique. The amorphous and the glassy nature of the as-quenched samples were respectively, confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The glass transition and crystallization parameters were evaluated under non-isothermal conditions using DSC. The correlation between the heating rate dependent glass transition and the crystallization temperatures was discussed and deduced the Kauzmann temperature for BNBO glass-plates and powdered samples. The values of the Kauzmann temperature for the plates and powdered samples were 776 K and 768 K, respectively. Approximation-free method was used to evaluate the crystallization kinetic parameters for the BNBO glass samples. The effect of the sample thickness on the crystallization kinetics of BNBO glasses was also investigated.Comment: 23 pages, 12 figure