A Unified Valuation Framework for Dividends, Free Cash Flows, Residual Income, and Earnings Growth Based Models

Valuation techniques are important to practitioners and academics. Although theoretically equity value equals the present value of expected dividends, in practice, higher-level metrics such as free cash flows, earnings, and book values are used for valuation. This paper helps us understand these metrics by: (1) providing a common and simple theoretical framework that shows how these alternative valuation metrics can be used instead of dividends; (2) using the common framework to provide the theoretical underpinnings of earnings-based valuation

Convergence of Double Auctions to Pareto Optimal Allocations in the Edgeworth Box

Double auctions with profit-motivated human traders as well as "zero-intelligence" programmed traders have previously been shown to converge to Pareto optimal allocations in partial equilibrium settings. We show that these results remain robust in two-good general equilibrium settings and elucidate how market structure, not optimization by traders, guides efficient resource allocation

A Unified Valuation Framework for Dividends, Free Cash Flows, Residual Income, and Earnings Growth Based Models

Valuation techniques are important to practitioners and academics. Although theoretically equity value equals the present value of expected dividends, in practice, higher-level metrics such as free cash flows, earnings, and book values are used for valuation. This paper helps us understand these metrics by: (1) providing a common and simple theoretical framework that shows how these alternative valuation metrics can be used instead of dividends; (2) using the common framework to provide the theoretical underpinnings of earnings-based valuation

The Strategic Exploitation of Limited Information and Opportunity in Networked Markets

This paper studies the effect of constraining interactions within a market. A model is analysed in which boundedly rational agents trade with and gather information from their neighbours within a trade network. It is demonstrated that a trader’s ability to profit and to identify the equilibrium price is positively correlated with its degree of connectivity within the market. Where traders differ in their number of potential trading partners, well-connected traders are found to benefit from aggressive trading behaviour.Where information propagation is constrained by the topology of the trade network, connectedness affects the nature of the strategies employed

Valuation, Linear Information Dynamic, and Stochastic Discount Rates

We generalize Ohlson (1995) to stochastic interest rates. Our analysis provides four insights. First, the earnings capitalization multiple depends on the lagged rate, not the current rate. Second, the abnormal earnings persistence parameter increases in the current rate and decreases in the lagged rate. Third, it is not necessary to specify the stochastic process underlying interest rates to relate stock prices and accounting numbers. Finally, only the lagged rate is needed to capitalize current earnings to determine current stock price, while both the lagged and current rates are needed to forecast next-period earnings based on current earning

What Affects the Implied Cost of Equity Capital?

We estimate implied cost of equity capital for a sample of firms from 1984 to 1998 using the Ohlson and Juettner (2000) model that does not make restrictive assumptions about clean surplus and payout policies. We find that cost of equity capital is strongly positively associated with conventional risk factors such as earnings variability, systematic and unsystematic return volatility, and leverage, and is negatively associated with analyst following. These associations are robust to controls for industry membership and to running the regression in changes instead of levels. Our results support the Ohlson-Juettner metric as a robust and appealing measure of cost of equity capital

P-E Multiples and Changing Interest Rates

How should one conceptualize price-earnings multiples (earnings capitalization factors) when interest rates change stochastically? The paper shows that while the multiplier for forthcoming earnings depends on current rates, the multiplier for current earnings depends on lagged rates. With these ideas in place, the paper generalizes Ohlson [1995] model with particular emphasis on the case when earnings provide sufficient accounting information for valuation. Results do not depend on the stochastic behavior of interest rates. The paper further derives the supporting modified information dynamic and shows how earnings persistence depends on both the current and the lagged rate

Valuation, Linear Information Dynamic, and Stochastic Discount Rates

We generalize Ohlson (1995) to stochastic interest rates. Our analysis provides four insights. First, the earnings capitalization multiple depends on the lagged rate, not the current rate. Second, the abnormal earnings persistence parameter increases in the current rate and decreases in the lagged rate. Third, it is not necessary to specify the stochastic process underlying interest rates to relate stock prices and accounting numbers. Finally, only the lagged rate is needed to capitalize current earnings to determine current stock price, while both the lagged and current rates are needed to forecast next-period earnings based on current earning

P-E Multiples and Changing Interest Rates

How should one conceptualize price-earnings multiples (earnings capitalization factors) when interest rates change stochastically? The paper shows that while the multiplier for forthcoming earnings depends on current rates, the multiplier for current earnings depends on lagged rates. With these ideas in place, the paper generalizes Ohlson [1995] model with particular emphasis on the case when earnings provide sufficient accounting information for valuation. Results do not depend on the stochastic behavior of interest rates. The paper further derives the supporting modified information dynamic and shows how earnings persistence depends on both the current and the lagged rate