4 research outputs found

    The effects of Aluminum Oxide and Manganese Iron Oxide nanoparticles on the extraction of motor oil from Bucephala albeola feathers

    Get PDF
    As the industrial revolution increased demands and sales, petroleum has risen to be the largest import. There is an increase in the amount of oil and petroleum being spilled and they are proving to be hazardous to the wildlife, including a variety of bird species. The purpose of this experiment was to find a more effective way to extract oil from Bucephala albeola feathers than the current method, which is not efficient. It was hypothesised that if Aluminum Oxide and Manganese Iron Oxide nanoparticles were used to extract oil, then the Manganese Iron Oxide nanoparticles more effective than the Aluminum Oxide nanoparticles at removing oil from the Bucephala albeola feathers. Twenty feathers had motor oil applied to them, and half were treated with Aluminum Oxide nanoparticles and the others with Manganese Iron Oxide nanoparticles. They were then massed before and after the extraction process. A two sample t-test (t(9)=5.53,p\u3c0.001) determined that there was a significant difference between the two treatments. The Aluminum Oxide nanoparticles had an average difference of 0.220 grams after the extraction while the average difference for Manganese Iron Oxide was 0.0255 grams. In conclusion, the treatment consisting of the Aluminum Oxide nanoparticles was more efficient at removing the oil

    Formation of [Cu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> and [Cu<sub>2</sub>O]<sup>2+</sup> toward C–H Bond Activation in Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-SSZ-39

    No full text
    Cu-exchanged small-pore zeolites (CHA and AEI) form methanol from methane (>95% selectivity) using a 3-step cyclic procedure (Wulfers et al. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 4447−4450) with methanol amounts higher than Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-mordenite on a per gram and per Cu basis. Here, the Cu<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub> species formed on Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-SSZ-39 following O<sub>2</sub> or He activation at 450 °C are identified as <i>trans</i>-μ-1,2-peroxo dicopper­(II) ([Cu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>) and mono-(μ-oxo) dicopper­(II) ([Cu<sub>2</sub>O]<sup>2+</sup>) using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, in situ UV–vis, and Raman spectroscopy and theory. [Cu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> and [Cu<sub>2</sub>O]<sup>2+</sup> formed on Cu-SSZ-13 showed ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) energies between 22,200 and 35,000 cm<sup>–1</sup>, Cu–O vibrations at 360, 510, 580, and 617 cm<sup>–1</sup> and an O–O vibration at 837 cm<sup>–1</sup>. The vibrations at 360, 510, 580, and 837 cm<sup>–1</sup> are assigned to the <i>trans</i>-μ-1,2-peroxo dicopper­(II) species, whereas the Cu–O vibration at 617 cm<sup>–1</sup> (Δ<sup>18</sup>O = 24 cm<sup>–1</sup>) is assigned to a stretching vibration of a thermodynamically favored mono-(μ-oxo) dicopper­(II) with a Cu–O–Cu angle of 95°. On the basis of the intensity loss of the broad LMCT band between 22,200 and 35,000 cm<sup>–1</sup> and Raman intensity loss at 571 cm<sup>–1</sup> upon reaction, both the <i>trans</i>-μ-1,2-peroxo dicopper­(II) and mono-(μ-oxo) dicopper­(II) species are suggested to take part in methane activation at 200 °C with the <i>trans</i>-μ-1,2-peroxo dicopper­(II) core playing a dominant role. A relationship between the [Cu<sub>2</sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub>]<sup>2+</sup> concentration and Cu­(II) at the eight-membered ring is observed and related to the concentration of [CuOH]<sup>+</sup> suggested as an intermediate in [Cu<sub>2</sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub>]<sup>2+</sup> formation

    Formation of [Cu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> and [Cu<sub>2</sub>O]<sup>2+</sup> toward C–H Bond Activation in Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-SSZ-39

    No full text
    Cu-exchanged small-pore zeolites (CHA and AEI) form methanol from methane (>95% selectivity) using a 3-step cyclic procedure (Wulfers et al. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 4447−4450) with methanol amounts higher than Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-mordenite on a per gram and per Cu basis. Here, the Cu<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub> species formed on Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-SSZ-39 following O<sub>2</sub> or He activation at 450 °C are identified as <i>trans</i>-μ-1,2-peroxo dicopper­(II) ([Cu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>) and mono-(μ-oxo) dicopper­(II) ([Cu<sub>2</sub>O]<sup>2+</sup>) using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, in situ UV–vis, and Raman spectroscopy and theory. [Cu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> and [Cu<sub>2</sub>O]<sup>2+</sup> formed on Cu-SSZ-13 showed ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) energies between 22,200 and 35,000 cm<sup>–1</sup>, Cu–O vibrations at 360, 510, 580, and 617 cm<sup>–1</sup> and an O–O vibration at 837 cm<sup>–1</sup>. The vibrations at 360, 510, 580, and 837 cm<sup>–1</sup> are assigned to the <i>trans</i>-μ-1,2-peroxo dicopper­(II) species, whereas the Cu–O vibration at 617 cm<sup>–1</sup> (Δ<sup>18</sup>O = 24 cm<sup>–1</sup>) is assigned to a stretching vibration of a thermodynamically favored mono-(μ-oxo) dicopper­(II) with a Cu–O–Cu angle of 95°. On the basis of the intensity loss of the broad LMCT band between 22,200 and 35,000 cm<sup>–1</sup> and Raman intensity loss at 571 cm<sup>–1</sup> upon reaction, both the <i>trans</i>-μ-1,2-peroxo dicopper­(II) and mono-(μ-oxo) dicopper­(II) species are suggested to take part in methane activation at 200 °C with the <i>trans</i>-μ-1,2-peroxo dicopper­(II) core playing a dominant role. A relationship between the [Cu<sub>2</sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub>]<sup>2+</sup> concentration and Cu­(II) at the eight-membered ring is observed and related to the concentration of [CuOH]<sup>+</sup> suggested as an intermediate in [Cu<sub>2</sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub>]<sup>2+</sup> formation
    corecore