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Exploratory action research: experiences of Nepalese EFL teachers
The number of reports and publications about exploratory action research (EAR) has been increasing in recent years; however, there is still a dearth of studies that examine its effectiveness for improving teaching and learning. This study explores Nepalese EFL teachersβ perceptions of EAR, the ways they explored their classroom issues, and how they acted to improve their classroom practices through involvement in an online EAR training course for a year. The data collected from interviews and the teachersβ written reports show that these teachers found EAR to be an effective approach to explore their classroom puzzles or problems and develop informed, context-sensitive strategies to solve these. The findings of this study are relevant for teachers, teacher educators, and education policymakers in providing insights into the value of EAR for bringing about changes in teaching and learning situations
Π‘Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π² Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°
Background. Bone metastasis is very common in the advanced stage of numerous carcinomas. In penile carcinoma, lymph nodes metastasis is somehow common but it is very rare reported to be secondary from penile cancer. till the date, there are only few cases of penis carcinoma reported bone metastasis in literature worldwide.Case Presentation. Herein, We presented a 51-year-old Nepalese male with squamous cell carcinoma of penis. computed tomography (ct) scan of the patient revealed that there was carcinoma involving glans penis and precure with bilateral external & internal inguinal lymphadenopathies. After then, the patient was under gone for partial penectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy and complete 6-cycle chemotherapy. After one year of treatment, patient developed thigh pain and headache and he advised to have magnetic Resonance imaging (mRi) of brain, 99mTc-MDP whole body bone scan and ct scan of pelvis and thigh. The examination report reveals that there was a sclerotic change in vertex of skull bone and moderate 99mTc-MDP uptake in right proximal shaft of femur just below the neck d/d metastasis. The histopathological examination of the true cut biopsy taken from the lesion of the femur showed metastatic keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma which is rare case of femoral shaft bone metastasis secondary from penile carcinoma. Then patient was sent for surgical reconstruction of femur. Based on the case studies review femur shaft bone metastasis from penile cancer is extremely rare.Conclusion. The best of our knowledge; this is the first early detected bone metastases to shaft of the femur in a patient with penile cancer. early diagnosis helps to radical treatment as well as palliative treatment. surgery is the preferred option of the treatments, especially for metastatic foci in the long bones.ΠΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ. ΠΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ.ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Ρ 51-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ (ΠΠ’) Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°, Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ, Π΄Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ 6 ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΠ Π’ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°, ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ° Ρ 99mTc-MDP ΠΈ ΠΠ’ ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ°. ΠΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 99mTc-MDP Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π²Π·ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ°Π³Π° Π² Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π· ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ· Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°. Π Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π₯ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
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Issues of participant retention in an online course for English as a foreign language teachers
Online courses are popular around the world these days as people can access learning being in different times and spaces. At the same time, the retention of participants in any online course is always challenging. This qualitative case study investigated the issues related to participant retention in an online course and explored the effective ways to retain the participants in such courses. The data were collected through the interviews conducted with 12 teachers who partly or wholly participated in a year-long online course. Teacher participantsβ online communication exchanges on Edmodo and Viber platforms during the course period also served as data for this study. The Edmodo and Viber extracts were originally in English while the interviews were conducted in Nepali; therefore, in the process of analysis, some key extracts were translated, especially focusing on the message they communicated. The findings based on thematic analysis reveal that the issues related to retention include facilitatorsβ delayed response, poor activity design and inappropriate selection of web tools, and need for additional time among others. This study is expected to assist course designers, institutions, and organizations that run online courses as well as teachers who plan to run and join online courses as they can be informed of the issues that play a role in the retention of participants in online courses