Bilans wodny zielonego dachu na przykładzie obiektu w dzielnicy Ursynów m.st. Warszawy

Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie wyników badań dotyczących retencji zielonego dachu na przykładzie obiektu położonego w dzielnicy Ursynów m.st. Warszawy. Obiektem badawczym był fragment zielonego patio zbudowanego z substratu będącego mieszaniną torfu, piasku i keramzytu, o miąższości warstwy 25 cm. Warstwę wegetacyjną zielonego tarasu stanowią darń z mieszanki traw oraz krzewy iglaste i liściaste. Do obliczania składowych bilansu wodnego w okresie wegetacji 2008 roku wykorzystano model bilansowy GreenRoof. Badania wykazały, że rozpatrywany zielony dach zretencjonował ponad 99% wody pochodzącej z opadów

Zatrucie tlenkiem węgla – drogi narażenia, obraz kliniczny, metody leczenia = Carbon monoxide poisoning, routes of exposure, clinical manifestation, treatment

Sowa Magdalena, Winnicki Andrzej, Wójcik Kamil, Tarkowski Michał, Gnatowski Tomasz. Zatrucie tlenkiem węgla – drogi narażenia, obraz kliniczny, metody leczenia = Carbon monoxide poisoning, routes of exposure, clinical manifestation, treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(4):345-354. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17251http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%284%29%3A345-354https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/556252http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17251Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja.Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie.Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r.The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014).© The Author (s) 2015;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 15.02.2015. Revised 27.03.2015. Accepted: 10.04.2015. Zatrucie tlenkiem węgla – drogi narażenia, obraz kliniczny, metody leczeniaCarbon monoxide poisoning, routes of exposure, clinical manifestation, treatment Magdalena Sowa1, Andrzej Winnicki2, Kamil Wójcik3, Michał Tarkowski3, Tomasz Gnatowski2 1Katedra i Zakład Laseroterapii i Fizjoterapii, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy2Katedra Technologii Postaci Leku, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu,  Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy3Wojewódzka Stacja Pogotowia Ratunkowego w Bydgoszczy Adres do korespondencji:mgr Magdalena SowaKatedra i Zakład Laseroterapii i Fizjoterapii Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w ToruniuCollegium Medicum im. Ludwika Rydygiera w Bydgoszczyul. Marii Skłodowskiej – Curie 985 – 094 Bydgoszcze – mail: [email protected] Streszczenie Wprowadzenie: Tlenek węgla (CO) jest bezbarwnym, bezwonnym, niedrażniącym i toksycznym gazem, niewykrywalnym przez narządy zmysłów. Powstaje on w wyniku niecałkowitego spalenia substancji, produktów zawierających węglowodory (np. gazy przemysłowe, węgiel drewno). Według badań stanowi jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn zatruć inhalacyjnych na świecie.Cel pracy: Celem pracy była analiza dróg narażenia, obrazu klinicznego oraz metod leczenia zatrucia tlenkiem węgla.Skrócony opis stanu wiedzy: Toksyczność tegoż związku jest silnie związana z jego wysokim powinowactwem do hemoglobiny (około 200 razy większe od tlenu). Strukturami najbardziej newralgicznymi i najbardziej narażonymi na działanie CO są serce i ośrodkowy układ nerwowy (OUN). Patomechanizm działania polega na wiązaniu się tlenku węgla z atomem żelaza w cząsteczce hemu, tworząc związek zwany karboksyhemoglobiną (COHb). Wentylacja powietrzem zwierającym CO wiedzie do hipoksji tkankowej czyli niedotlenienia. Zwolnieniu, a następnie zahamowaniu ulegają metaboliczne procesy oksydacyjne, dochodzi do akumulacji kwaśnych metabolitów, przyczyniających się do rozszerzenia tętnic mózgowych a w konsekwencji przekrwienia mózgu.Podsumowanie: Liczba zatruć tlenkiem węgla w Polsce jest znacznie większa niż w innych krajach Europy. W ostatnich latach zaobserwowano znaczny spadek śmiertelności spowodowanej zatruciem CO, jednakże nadal bardzo wysoki koszt zdrowotny, wyrażający się w tysiącach pacjentów tracących zdrowie  a nawet życie, skłania do dbałości o skuteczność  działań prewencyjnych. Słowa kluczowe: tlenek węgla, zatrucie, hipoksja. Abstract Introduction: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, non-irritating and toxic gas, undetectable by the sense organs. CO is a product of incomplete combustion of substances containing hydrocarbon products (industrial gas, coal, wood). Carbon monoxide is one of the most common causes of poisoning inhalation in the world.Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to analyze the routes of exposure, clinical manifestation and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning.Brief overview of the state of knowledge: The toxicity of carbon monoxide is strongly associated with its high affinity for hemoglobin (approximately 200 times greater than the oxygen). The heart and central nervous system (CNS) are the most vulnerable to CO. Pathomechanism of action involves binding of carbon monoxide with iron atom in the heme molecule to form a compound called carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). Inhaling carbon monoxide-rich air may cause anoxia. The oxidative metabolic processes are inhibited. Accumulation of acidic metabolites cause the enlargement of the cerebral arteries and consequently hyperemia of the brain.Summary: The amount of carbon monoxide poisoning in Poland is higher than in other European countries. Significant decrease mortality for carbon monoxide poisoning has observed over the last few years. Thousands of patients who lose their health and  their lives, should cause the attention to the effectiveness of preventive measures. Keywords: carbon monoxide, poisoning, hypoxia

Heat Capacity of Drained Peat Soils

Soil-specific heat capacity (cp) and volumetric heat capacity (Cv) are recognized as a fundamental soil property essential for the accurate prediction of soil temperature and heat flow. This study presents the analysis of these thermal properties for drained peat soils in Poland. The objectives of this study were to (i) measure and develop a method for determining cp, (ii) analyze the (Cv) data for undisturbed soil samples from surface layers, and (iii) test the applicability of the cp value for calculating Cv of drained peat soils using the mixing model concept. The cp value was measured under laboratory conditions using a modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) for 18 soil layers sampled in six degraded peat soil profiles. The Cv was estimated for undisturbed triplicate soil samples from the 22 depths (66 samples) by using a dual-needle probe. The cp data for the organic soils were linearly temperature-dependent (MDSC) for the temperature range considered (−20–30 °C). The overall average cp value was equal to 1.202 J g−1 K−1 at a temperature of 0 °C. An increment in temperature of 1 °C corresponded to an increase in cp of 0.0043 J g−1 K−1 on average. Nevertheless, the lowest cp value was obtained for moss samples whereas the highest value represents alder peats. The Cv data measured using the heat thermal probe (HTP) method changed linearly with changes in the soil moisture content (θv) of the moorsh soils. The volumetric heat capacity calculated using the mixing model was comparable to the mean of measured values obtained on the triplicate samples.</jats:p

Preliminary Results of the Introduction of Dicotyledonous Meadow Species

The reintroduction and introduction of native plant species is becoming more and more important in the restoration of plant communities. The study aimed to determine the possibility of predicting the effectiveness of the introduction of dicotyledonous species into impoverished patches of meadows in the landscape nature reserve in the proglacial valley of the Vistula River (Poland). Fourteen species planted into the soil from seedlings, after growing them from seeds in pots, in pure stands were assessed. Field studies were carried out in 2015&ndash;2017 on post-bog soil. Parameters of plant development and growth that were analysed included, among others, range, condition and height of shoots (vegetative and generative). Based on the biometric parameters, a statistical analysis (PCA, analysis of variance, decision tree) was performed. It was found that the range, i.e., the spread of the population, did not determine the classification of species into groups with a different nature of development after introduction. This classification was mainly determined by the plant condition in the following years after the introduction (over 3.4 on a 5-point scale), and the occurrence of generative shoots in the second year after planting. The group with the highest potential efficiency of introduction included three species: Achillea millefolium, Hypericum perforatum, Veronica longifolia. The failure of the introduction of other species resulted from their life form (two years old) and unfavourable weather conditions in the third year of study (2017), due to the high level of groundwater

The Influence of Soil Contamination with Diesel Oil on Germination Dynamics and Seedling Development of Selected Species of the Fabaceae family

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of soil contamination with diesel oil on the early development of three species of the Fabaceae family (Medicago lupulina L., Lotus corniculatus L., Trifolium repens L.). These species have a wide ecological range and they often occur on extensively used lawns. For these reasons, the knowledge on their tolerance to soil pollution with diesel oil can be of great importance in the creative and conservative cultivation of these plant species and their seed production for establishing the greenery of communication routes. The studies were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions. The soil substrates were composed of the loamy sand mixed with diesel oil in an amount of 2.5 g and 5.0 g per 1 kg of absolute dry mass of soil. The germination dynamics were analyzed. The measurements were conducted twice a day for 12 days after sowing. The development of seedlings was determined on the basis of the length, diameter, area and volume of the radicle. These features were determined on 20-day-old seedlings of the tested species. For the analysis of plant material, the technique of the scanned image was used in the “WinRhizo PRO 2009” software. It was proven that the tested species have various tolerances for the petrol oil in the soil and demonstrate various defense mechanisms under the stress conditions. The least changes of the seed germination rate on the soil with diesel oil against the control were indicated for L. corniculatus. The defense strategy of that species relied on the radicle development through increasing the diameter and – in consequence – the surface and the volume. M. lupulina also showed good germination capacity in the presence of diesel oil, but the radicle was shorter in comparison to the control. The germination rate of T. repens in the contaminated soil was significantly reduced. The recommendation for using not only L. corniculatus, but also M. lupulina on the contaminated areas should be taken into consideration

Preliminary Results of the Introduction of Dicotyledonous Meadow Species

The reintroduction and introduction of native plant species is becoming more and more important in the restoration of plant communities. The study aimed to determine the possibility of predicting the effectiveness of the introduction of dicotyledonous species into impoverished patches of meadows in the landscape nature reserve in the proglacial valley of the Vistula River (Poland). Fourteen species planted into the soil from seedlings, after growing them from seeds in pots, in pure stands were assessed. Field studies were carried out in 2015–2017 on post-bog soil. Parameters of plant development and growth that were analysed included, among others, range, condition and height of shoots (vegetative and generative). Based on the biometric parameters, a statistical analysis (PCA, analysis of variance, decision tree) was performed. It was found that the range, i.e., the spread of the population, did not determine the classification of species into groups with a different nature of development after introduction. This classification was mainly determined by the plant condition in the following years after the introduction (over 3.4 on a 5-point scale), and the occurrence of generative shoots in the second year after planting. The group with the highest potential efficiency of introduction included three species: Achillea millefolium, Hypericum perforatum, Veronica longifolia. The failure of the introduction of other species resulted from their life form (two years old) and unfavourable weather conditions in the third year of study (2017), due to the high level of groundwater

Variation of Moisture and Soil Water Retention in a Lowland Area of Central Poland&mdash;Solec Site Case Study

Soil moisture monitoring is crucial for a variety of activities involving soil water regime estimation. Different phenomena such as drought, exhibit impacts of a variable extent in the soil profile, requiring moisture content monitoring as well as reliable analyses of the soil properties. In the village of Solec, located in central Poland, monitoring of the moisture content was attempted for a sandy soil in order to estimate soil moisture distributions for two dry years (2015, 2016) and a wet one (2017). Simple and easily obtainable drought indices, such as dry spells, climatic water balance, groundwater table depth, soil water content and potential were estimated and related with spatiotemporal evolution of soil water conditions. Soil layers subject to drought were found to be different either from a moisture (15&ndash;45 cm) or soil water potential (10&ndash;25 cm), showing diverse physical properties and relations with the ground water table. The coherence of the analysed drought indices was proven for a light, sandy soil, which has national significance for the state, drought monitoring network. Knowledge obtained during previous studies, which omitted soil water conditions for this type of the soil was supplemented. Based on its own water content, the profile of the analysed soil (Stagnic Folic Gleysols&ndash;Arenic) exhibits a negative climatic water balance and requires irrigation practices to mitigate drought effects

Changes in Temperature and Moisture Content of an Extensive-Type Green Roof

Green roofs ought to be perceived as ensuring a wide-ranging contribution to the sustainable urban environment. The aim of the study was; (1) to investigate and analyse the differences in the surface temperature between four models of green roofs of the extensive type and a conventional roof (covered with bitumen) under the conditions of a continental climate; (2) to assess the influence of environmental parameters (climatic water balance, air temperature, relative humidity, moisture content in the profile) on changes in the temperature of the extensive type green roof profile (substrate and vegetation mat). The study (1) was carried out during the period of June&#8722;December 2016 using a thermal imaging camera. As a result, the greatest differences in temperature were noted in June and July, with a maximum difference between the temporary surface temperature of a green roof and a conventional roof of up to 24 &#176;C. The (2) study was conducted on a green roof profile with sedum plant vegetation. The measured parameters were: the temperature of the surface, the temperature and humidity at depths of 3 cm and 15 cm, and active radiation in the photosynthesis process (PAR). As the result, the range of daily changes in the surface temperatures and the vegetation mat were higher than the range of changes in the air temperature. Atmospheric precipitation decreased the thermal gradient in the soil, as well as the temperature fluctuations in the course of a day as a result of the increase in humidity following a rainfall. During the summer period, over the course of a day, the surface temperature was 5 &#176;C higher than the air temperature. The largest correlation was obtained between the air temperature and the temperature of the surface as well as the temperature of the structural layers

Diversity of the Seed Material of Selected Plant Species of Naturally Valuable Grassland Habitats in Terms of the Prognosis of Introduction Success

The current conservation status of semi-natural grassland habitats in Poland indicates that actions for their restoration are necessary. Many of the degraded sites require the introduction of diaspores of representative species because other methods of improving their condition are not sufficiently effective. Meanwhile, little is known about the diaspores of native wild-flower species and the biology of their seeds. The aim of the present study was to find an answer to the question of which features of the seed material can guarantee the success of the introduction. The study covered 28 plant species of 4 non-forest natural habitats (codes: 6440, 6410, 6510, 6210) occurring in river valleys. Diaspores were collected in 2015&ndash;2017. Morphometric measurements of diaspores were performed, the weight of 1000 diaspores was determined and the germination capacity analysis was carried out in accordance with ISTA Rules. The analysis was made with the division into normal seedlings, abnormal seedlings, dead seeds and fresh ungerminated seeds. Species with similar parameters of seed material were selected using the method of hierarchical clustering and PCA analysis. Three groups of species were distinguished: (1) with good seed germination capacity (above 65%), which, regardless of weather conditions during the generative development, and despite the small size of diaspores, can guarantee successful introductions (Verbascum thapsus, Veronica longifolia, Daucus carota, Plantago lanceolata); (2) species of little suitability for introduction, due to the large proportion (over 50%) of dead seeds (Armeria maritima, Linaria vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Centaurea stoebe, Sanguisorba officinalis, Cnidium dubium); (3) species with relatively large size of diaspores and low seed germination capacity, due to the high proportion of fresh ungerminated seeds which means dormant seeds (Lathyrus pratensis, Geranium pratense)