Analysis and treatment of produced water (Igbo-Etche) using natural biocoagulant from Inga edulis

Produced water from Igbo-Etche a community in Rivers State (Niger Delta), Nigeria was analyzed and treated with Inga edulis a potential biocoagulant. It was observed that pH value was within the permissible limits of National Environmental Standard and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) limit of 6.50-9.50. Turbidity value of (49NTU); concentrations for chloride (21,872mg/l), polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons (90.79 mg/l), oil and grease (17,742 mg/l) were reduced to 2NTU, 6351.7 mg/l, 13.72 mg/l and 2,884 mg/l respectively on treatment with Inga edulis. The biocoagulant had no effect on conductivity and chromium. However, there was an increase in the concentrations of total carbon (TC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), total organic carbon (TOC), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) after treatment. The concentrations of iron, cadmium, chromium, copper and manganese in the untreated sample were below NESREA/WHO permissible limit. The high concentrations of nickel, zinc and lead in the untreated produce water sample were reduced after treatment with the biocoagulant. The 1.0g/63μg coagulant treatment gave higher reduction than 2.5g/63μg in most parameters.Keywords: Biocoagulants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, mutagenic, crude oil, eco-system, biodegradable and teratogeni

The Medicinal Natural Products of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> Linn.: A Review

Cannabis sativa is known among many cultures for its medicinal potential. Its complexity contributes to the historical application of various parts of the plant in ethno-medicines and pharmacotherapy. C. sativa has been used for the treatment of rheumatism, epilepsy, asthma, skin burns, pain, the management of sexually transmitted diseases, difficulties during child labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and gastrointestinal activity. However, the use of C. sativa is still limited, and it is illegal in most countries. Thus, this review aims to highlight the biological potential of the plant parts, as well as the techniques for the extraction, isolation, and characterization of C. sativa compounds. The plant produces a unique class of terpenophenolic compounds, called cannabinoids, as well as non-cannabinoid compounds. The exhaustive profiling of bioactive compounds and the chemical characterization and analysis of C. sativa compounds, which modern research has not yet fully achieved, is needed for the consistency, standardization, and the justified application of Cannabis sativa products for therapeutic purposes. Studies on the clinical relevance and applications of cannabinoids and non-cannabinoid phenols in the prevention and treatment of life-threatening diseases is indeed significant. Furthermore, psychoactive cannabinoids, when chemically standardized and administered under medical supervision, can be the legal answer to the use of C. sativa.</i