58 research outputs found
Kondenzaciona suŔara sa potpunom recirkulacijom vazduha
Condensing dryer for agriculture application has notable advantages
comparing with traditional drying methods, within fact that drying process is at lowtemperature
regime. Negative influence of dried fiber structure is minimized with full air
recirculation. This technology is āeco-friendlyā and has no considerable effect on
environment and ecology in negative meaning. Basics principles of most applied
standards in food industry are mentioned in this paper.Kondenzaciona suŔara ima i prednost u odnosu na druge metode suŔenja u
Äinjenici da je kod nje proces suÅ”enja na niskotemperaturskom režimu Å”to je veoma
pogodno kod suŔenja sirovine gde zahteva minimalan uticaj samog procesa na strukturu
vlakana u negativnom smislu. Ova tehnologija suÅ”enja spada u āeco-friendlyā ekoloÅ”ki
prihvatljive tehnologije, Å”to znaÄi da nema bitnog uticaja na životnu sredinu i okruženje
u kome se nalazi. U radu su predstavljene osobine ovakvog naÄina suÅ”enja sa aspekta
primene osnovnih principa strogih standarda prehrambene industrije
Frekventna regulacija rada ventilatora kao mera poveÄanja energetske efikasnosti sistema proizvodne hale farme tova piliÄa
In past few years there were a notable number of ventilation systems
applications working with variable air volume (VAV). Accessibility, simplicity and lowcost
of frequency regulation equipment implementation in ventilation systems using fans
is raising energy efficiency of ventilation systems and their providence. A parallel view
between conventional and VAV systems is presented in this paper. Transformation of
average conventional into VAV system with minimum cost of adaptation possibility is
analyzed. Energy efficiency of ventilation systems in non-residential facilities achieved
with frequency regulated components is being part of project assignment and pretends to
become important standard in ventilation systems design methodology.U proteklih nekoliko godina je primetna sve ÄeÅ”Äa primena sistema ventilacije
koji rade sa promenljivim protokom fluida. PristupaÄnost, jednostavnost i isplativost
ugraÄivanja opreme za frekventnu regulaciju ventilatora doprinela je poveÄanju
energetske efikasnosti sistema ventilacije i njihovoj tehno-ekonomskoj isplativosti. U
ovom radu je data paralela izmeÄu dosad koriÅ”Äenih konvencionalnih sistema i sistema
sa promenljivim protokom. TakoÄe je analiziran naÄin i moguÄnosti prelaska starijih
sistema na novi naÄin regulacije u skladu sa trendovima, a opet uz minimiziranje
troŔkova adaptacije. Energetska efikasnost sistema ventilacije primenom frekventno
regulisanih komponenti sistema Äesto biva sastavni deo projektnog zadatka i pretenduje
da postane jedan od bitnijih standarda u projektovanju termotehniÄkih sistema i
instalacija
TehniÄki sistemi za klimatizaciju kabina poljoprivrednih i meliorativnih maÅ”ina
In this paper are presented several types of A/C (Air Condition) systems for
climatization of modern agricultural and meliorative machinery cabs. Systems are
selected according to the applied cooling fluid, in purpose of technical and exploitation
characteristics comparison.
Possibilities of two cooling fluids application, both R134a (tera fluoro ethane
CH2FCF3) and CO2 (carbon dioxide), are considered and their thermo-mechanical and
exploitation characteristics are compared, as well as their influence in sense of ecology
and global warming.
It should be noticed that CO2 is used in last generation systems and has certain
advantages in ecology, which will be mentioned in this paper.
Technical and exploitation characteristics of analyzed A/C systems will be analyzed in
terms of ergonomic principles that those systems should satisfy, also.U radu je predstavljeno nekoliko tipova A/C (Air Condition) sistema za
klimatizaciju kabina savremenih poljoprivrednih i meliorativnih maŔina. Izbor sistema je
napravljen na bazi rashladnog fluida koji se koristi kao radna materija, a sa ciljem
poreÄenja tehniÄkih i eksploatacionih karakteristika.
Analizirane su moguÄnosti primene dva rashladna fluida R134a (terafluoretan
CH2FCF3) i CO2 (ugljendioksid), sagledane i poreÄene njihove termomehaniÄke i
eksploatacione karakteristike, kao i osobine njihovog uticaja sa stanoviŔta ekologije i
globalnog zagrevanja.
Treba napomenuti da se CO2 koristi u sistemima poslednje generacije i da poseduje
odreÄene prednosti sa stanoviÅ”ta ekologije o kojima Äe u radu biti reÄi.
TehniÄke i eksploatacione karakteristike analiziranih A/C sistema biÄe analizirane i
sa strane ergonomskih zakonitosti koje ovi sistemi treba da ispune
Primena toplotnih pumpi u sistemima za suŔenje prehrambenih proizvoda
Heat pump drying systems application has great potential and provides
economical and ecological benefit in food industry. Many researchers deal with a
problem of investigating heat pump drying system performance. However, there have
not been any massive applications of these systems on farms and in food industry in
Republic of Serbia, considering huge effort of their promotion. This paper analyze
performances of typical drying systems configurations from the COP and specific
compressor work point of view, considering different outside influences and operating
conditions.Upotreba toplotnih pumpi obeÄava ekonomski i ekoloÅ”ki benefit i veliki
broj istraživanja se bavi njihovom primenom u sistemima suŔenja prehrambenih
proizvoda. MeÄutim, do njihove masovnije upotrebe u Republici Srbiji na farmama i u
industriji joŔ uvek nije doŔlo uprkos uloženim naporima i promovisanju. U ovom radu
analizirane su performanse rada tipiÄnih konfiguracija sistema suÅ”enja sa stanoviÅ”ta
postizanja maksimalnog koeficijenta grejanja pod odreÄenim spoljnim uticajima i u
zavisnosti od željenog režima suŔenja
Posledice nesreÄa sa traktorima u poljoprivredi sa uÄeÅ”Äem starije populacije farmera
In agricultural production of the Republic of Macedonia, during the usage of
tractors in the field or in public transportation, a large number of accidents occurs. These
accidents often have heavy bodily injuries and tragic outcomes as consequences for the
participants. Gathered data notes that injuries involving tractors, related to farmers older
than 59 years of age, have an increased frequency. Older farmer population also has an
increased percentage of injuries with tragic outcomes. During the period of the research,
from 1999 to 2003, there has been a total of 101 tragic deaths in the Republic of
Macedonia, 57 (or 56.44%) of which in traffic accidents and 44 (or 43.56%) in accidents
involving tractor usage under agriculture circumstances. These accidents included the
tragic deaths of 13 farmers aged 55 to 65 (or 15.29% of the total number of deaths), and
14 farmers older than 65 (or 16.47%).
It should be noted that the most common causes that influence the increased number
of tragic accidents involving older farmer population are their reduced perceptive,
mental and physical abilities, which greatly effect the safety during work.U poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji u eksploataciji traktora na njivi ili u javnom
saobraÄaju u R. Makedoniji, javlja se veliki broj nesreÄa, kada uÄesnici najÄeÅ”Äe, kao
posledice, imaju teÅ”ke telesne povrede, ili su to tragiÄne posledice. Podaci iz literature
pokazuju da povrede na traktorima, koje su vezane za godine starosti farmera iznad 59
godina starosti, imaju poveÄanu frekvenciju. Starija populacija farmera ima i veÄi
procenat povreda sa tragiÄnim posledicama. U periodu istraživanja od 1999. do 2003.
godine u Republici Makedoniji, ukupno je tragiÄno nastradalo 101 osoba, od kojih 57
(56,44%) u saobraÄajnim nesreÄama i 44 (43,56%) u nesreÄama pri radu sa traktorima u
poljoprivrednim uslovima. U ovim nesreÄama bilo je ukupno tragiÄno nastradalih
farmera u starosnoj grupi od 55 do 65 godina, 13 osoba ili 15,29%, i iznad 65 godina 14
osoba, ili 16,47%.
Kao najÄeÅ”Äi uzrok koji utiÄe na poveÄanje broja tragiÄnih sluÄajeva kod starije
populacije farmera, treba navesti, njihove smanjene senzorne i psihomotorne
sposobnosti, koje utiÄu na bezbednost u toku rada
TragiÄne posledice nesreÄa sa traktorima za period 1999 ā 2008. godina u poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije
This paper presents the results of the researched fatal consequences of
accidents with tractors in the agriculture of the Republic of Macedonia. Herewith we
investiagate the causes of accidents that led to fatal injuries by farmers in agricultural
production. According to the research carried out in the period from 1999 to 2008 in
accidents with tractors, 148 persons were killed. The most common cause of accidents is
speeding the movement and real road conditions, and often tragic consequences as a
result of a mutual crash of vehicles and tractor's rollover.U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja tragiÄnih posledica u nesreÄama sa
traktorima koji uÄestvuju u poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije. Istraživani su uzroci
nesreÄa koji su doveli do fatalnih povreda kod farmera u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, na
putu od farme do njive i nazad. Prema rezultatima istraživanja od 1999. do 2008. godine
u nesreÄama sa traktorima poginulo je ukupno 148 osoba. NajÄeÅ”Äi uzrok nesreÄa je
neprilagoÄena brzina kretanja i uslovima na putu, a najÄeÅ”Äe tragiÄne posledice su
rezultat sudara vozila i prevrtanje traktora
NesreÄe sa traktorima u poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije za period 1999. - 2008. godina
This paper presents the results of investigations of accidents with tractors in
the agriculture of the Republic of Macedonia. Particular attention is paid to trends in the
number of accidents and victims with tractors in agricultural production, which are the
result of various causes of accidents in the last 10 years. In the study period from 1999.
to 2008., 893 accidents happened, which involved tractors. In this period 1430 people
are injuried, out of which, 1259 in traffic accidents and 171 by handling tractors in the
agricultural conditions.U radu prikazani su rezultati istraživanja nesreÄa sa traktorima u poljoprivredi
Republike Makedonije. Posebna pažnja posveÄena je trendu broja nesreÄa i nastradalih
osoba sa traktorima u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, kao rezultat raznih uzroka nesreÄa u
poslednjih 10 godina. U periodu istraživanja od 1999. do 2008. godine dogodilo se
ukupno 893 nesreÄa u kojima su uÄestvovali traktori. U ovom periodu ukupno je
nastradalo 1430 osoba, od kojih 1259 u saobraÄajnim nesreÄama, a 171 u nesreÄama pri
radu sa traktorima u poljoprivrednim uslovima
NesreÄe sa traktorima na javnim putevima u R. Makedoniji
This paper deals with the results from the investigation of accidents with
tractors on public roads in the agriculture of Republic of Macedonia. 495 accidents with
tractors are happened (99 per year) on public roads in the period 2004-2008. According
to the category of road on the local roads 79 accidents are happened (15, 8 accidents per
year) in the settlements. Out of the settlements, on the local roads 180 accidents (36 per
year) are happened most of them with tractors again. In accidents on public roads with
tractors 820 people are injured, of which 242 in accidents in settlements and 578 out of
settlements in the period of the investigation. There are twice more injured people and
triple more people have a fatal consequences in the accidents with tractors on public
roads out of settlements.U radu su prikazani istraživanja nesreÄa sa traktorima na javnim putevima u
poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije. U periodu istraživanja od 2004 do 2008 godine na
javnim putevima dogodilo se ukupno 495 nesreÄa u kojima su uÄestvovali traktori, ili
proseÄno 99 nesreÄa godiÅ”nje . Prema kategoriji puta u naseljenim mestima dogodilo se
79 ili u proseku po 15,8 saobraÄajnih nesreÄa godiÅ”nje, na lokalnim putevima. TakoÄe
prema kategoriji puta, na lokalnim putevima van naseljenih mesta dogodilo se najviŔe
180 ili u proseku po 36 godiÅ”nje nesreÄa. U nesreÄama na javnim putevima u kojima su
uÄestvovali traktori nastradalo je ukupno 820 osoba, od kojih 242 osoba u nesreÄama u
naseljenim mestima i 578 osoba u nesreÄama van naseljena mesta. U nesreÄama sa
traktorima na javnim putevima van naseljenih mesta nastrada dva puta viŔe, a smrtno
nastrada, tri puta viŔe osoba
Energetski aspekti obrade teŔkih tipova zemljiŔta
With the increase of the use of heavy machinery in heavy marsh soil tillage,
the degradation of soil physical conditions like the formation of a hardpan is becoming a
problem. To improve such conditions, the effects of different tillage systems were
investigated.
The soil tillage is one of the greatest energy consumers in agriculture, and that is the
reason why an experiment with different tillage systems and their influence on fuel
consumption was carried. The compared tillage systems were the conventional tillage
and the conservation or reduced tillage. Conservation tillage systems can be an important
part of a sustainable agricultural system providing benefits for the farmers in terms of
labor and fuel consumption; however, yield variability may discourage and slow
adoption.
Effects of ploughing and subsoiling treatment on growth and yield of crops
depended on the weather and soil condition.
Using the right tillage system may contribute to raised the energy demand for
cultivation, increase profit, crop yields, soil improvement and protection of water
resources.Sa poveÄanjem koriÅ”Äenja teÅ”kih maÅ”ina u obradi teÅ”kih zemljiÅ”ta, degradacija
fiziÄkih osobina zemljiÅ”ta, kao Å”to je "taban brazde", postaje sve veÄi problem. Da bi se
ti uslovi poboljÅ”ali ispitani su efekti razliÄitih sistema obrade.
Obrada zemljiÅ”ta je jedan od najveÄih potroÅ”aÄa energije u poljoprivredi, Å”to je
razlog istraživanja razliÄitih sistema obrade i njihovog uticaja na potroÅ”nju goriva.
UporeÄeni sistemi obrade zemljiÅ”ta su: konvencionalna obrada i konzervacijska ili
redukovana obrada. Konzervacijski sistemi obrade mogu biti znaÄajan deo sistema
održive poljoprivrede, donoseÄi pogodnosti proizvoÄaÄima kroz potroÅ”nju rada i goriva,
iako varijabilnost prinosa može obeshrabriti i usporiti njihovo koriÅ”Äenje.
Efekti oranja i razrivanja na rast i prinos useva zavise od klimatskih i zemljiŔnih
uslova.
KoriÅ”Äenje pravog sistema obrade zemljiÅ”ta može doprineti smanjenju potroÅ”nje
energije za obradu, poveÄanju profita, prinosa i poboljÅ”anju zemljiÅ”nih uslova i zaÅ”titi
vodenih resursa
Posledice uÄeÅ”Äa mladih osoba u nesreÄama sa traktorima u Republici Makedoniji
This paper presents the results from investigation of fatal consequences
among children and young people in tractor accidents in Republic of Macedonia.
According from the results of the investigation from 1999 to 2008 in Macedonia was
injured 29 children and young people from 1 to 18 years old.
From the total number of injured children and young people with fatal consequences
21 or 72,41% are in tractor public traffic accidents and 8 or 27,59% in tractor accidents
on the field. Five young people with fatal injuries in tractor accidents died like tractor
operators, and four children who drove a tractor had hard injuries.U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja tragiÄnih posledica sa decom i
mladim osobama u nesreÄama sa traktorima u poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije.
Prema rezultatima istraživanja od 1999 do 2008 godine u Republici Makedoniji ukupno
je poginulo 29 dece i mladih osoba do 18 godina starosti. Od ukupnog broja 21 ili
72,41% poginuli su u saobraÄajnim nesreÄama, a 8 ili 27,59% u nesreÄama pri radu sa
traktorima u poljoprivrednim uslovima. Kao rukovaoci traktora poginulo je 5 mladih
osoba, a 4 osobe su maloletni rukovaoci traktora, sa posledicama nesreÄa koje su
kategorisane, kao teŔke telesne povrede
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