Rare morphological variants of the bones: epicondylar processes, metopic suture and Wormian bones in XVIII century skeleton

Background: Analysis of the female skeleton from the 18th century revealed a collection of morphological changes. Materials and methods: Anthropological evaluation and dental X-ray techniques allowed the age to be determined at 12–13 years. Results: The distal parts of the both humerus bones had distinct, supracondylar processes of about 5 mm at the medial-lateral surface. The frontal bone had a well-preserved metopic suture along the entire length of the squama. There were also two Wormian bones (Inca bones), asymmetrical mastoid foramen, and only left non-obliterated condylar canal. Conclusions: The skull measurements allowed the cranial index to be determined — 93.5 (brachycephalia) and height-length index — 98.6 (akrocephalus). Moreover, X-ray analysis of incomplete dentition was made

Application of potassium ion deposition in determining the impact of support reducibility on catalytic activity of au/ceria-zirconia catalysts in CO oxidation, NO oxidation, and C3H8 combustion

The purpose of the study was to show how a controlled, subtle change of the reducibility of the support by deposition of potassium ions impacts the activity of gold catalysts. Since the activity of supported gold catalysts in carbon monoxide oxidation is known to strongly depend on the reducibility of the support, this reaction was chosen as the model reaction. The results of tests conducted in a simple system in which the only reagents were CO and O2 showed good agreement with the CO activity trend in tests performed in a complex stream of reagents, which also contained CH4, C2H6, C3H8, NO, and water vapor. The results of the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that the support has the composition Ce0.85Zr0.15O2, that its lattice constant is the same for all samples, and that gold is mostly present in the metallic phase. The reducibility of the systems was established based on Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) and in situ XRD measurements in H2 atmosphere. The results show that the low temperature reduction peak, which is due to the presence of gold, is shifted to a higher value by the presence of 0.3 at% potassium ions on the surface. Moreover, the increase of the potassium loading leads to a more pronounced shift. The T50 of CO oxidation in the simple model stream was found to exhibit an excellent linear correlation with the maximum temperature of the low temperature reduction peak of Au catalysts. This means that stabilizing oxygen with a known amount of potassium ions can be numerically used to estimate the T50 in CO oxidation. The results in the complex stream also showed a similar dependence of CO conversion on reducibility, though there was no substantial difference in the activity of the catalysts in other reactions regardless of the potassium loading. These studies have shown that the influence of potassium varies depending on the reaction, which highlights differences in the impact of reducibility and importance of other factors in these reactions

Classification of redox resistance of Polish arable soils and their spatial characteristics

Przemiany wielu składników gleb oraz wprowadzonych zanieczyszczeń mają związek z przemianami oksydoredukcyjnymi, które bezpośrednio są uwarunkowane obecnością akceptorów elektronów, tj.: tlenu cząsteczkowego, azotanów, tlenków manganu i żelaza oraz donorów elektronów, będących postaciami łatwo ulegającej rozkładowi materii organicznej gleby. Tempo przemian w środowisku glebowym zależy od żywotności mikroorganizmów, warunkowanych temperaturą i dostępnością substancji organicznej. Na podstawie wyznaczonych parametrów oksydoredukcyjnych wyodrębniono grupy gleb ornych Polski, charakteryzujących się zbliżoną odpornością oksydoredukcyjną. Rozkład wyznaczonych cech i ich przestrzenne przedstawienie w postaci mapy było celem prezentowanej pracy. Gleby zakwalifikowano do poszczególnych grup na podstawie analizy wartości t 300, określonych w temperaturze (4, 10, 15 i 20°C) dla trzech poziomów profilu glebowego (orny, podorny i podglebie). Analizę wyników przeprowadzono, dokonując podziału gleb na podzbiory zróżnicowane wartością odporności oksydoredukcyjnej. Grupy homogeniczne wyodrębnione na podstawie testu istotności stały się podstawą wyróżnienia grup jednostek glebowych. Uwzględniając zróżnicowanie wartości odporności oksydoredukcyjnej gleb wywołane wpływem temperatury oraz położeniem w profilu glebowym, wyodrębniono cztery grupy gleb, charakteryzujące się różną odpornością oksydoredukcyjną: nieznaczną ( 20 dni).Transformations of many soil components and pollutants are associated with redox conditions which are directly determined by the presence of electron acceptors (molecular oxygen, nitrates, manganese and iron oxides) and electron donors (easily decomposable soil organic matter). The rate of changes in soil habitat depends on viability of microorganisms determined by temperature and the availability of organic substances. Based on estimated redox parameters, groups of arable soils in Poland of similar resistance were distinguished. Distribution of the estimated features and their spatial presentation in a map were the aim of this paper. Soils were classified to particular groups upon the t 300 value estimated at 4, 10, 15 and 20 °C for three soil profiles (arable, sub-arable, subsoil). Analysis of results was performed by dividing soils into subsets of different redox resistance. Homogenous groups of soils were distinguished upon the significance test. Considering different soil redox resistance caused by temperature and position in the soil profile, four groups of slight ( 20 days) redox resistance were distinguished

Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation Performance of Magnesium-Doped ZrO₂ Solid Solutions

This is the first study to investigate the activity of a solid solution containing magnesium ions in a zirconia matrix in the catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of acetophenone with 2-pentanol. The results have shown that magnesium oxide is very highly active in CTH when physically mixed with zirconia. However, the same concentration of Mg2+ ions (Mg:Zr = 3:97) inserted into a zirconia lattice did not yield high activity in CTH. A higher concentration of Mg2+ ions (5%) was also tested in the two types of systems, i.e., a physical mixture of oxides and a solid solution. The increase in the concentration of Mg2+ ions in the physical mixture led to a pronounced increase in the activity of the system, whereas in the case of the solid solution it led to a slight decrease in activity. The impact of the zirconyl salt used in the synthesis was also examined, but showed little effect on the properties and activity of the systems. The study has also shown that the increase of the concentration of magnesium ions caused a decrease in the m-ZrO2 to t-ZrO2 ratio. Nevertheless, the rate of heating had an even bigger effect on this ratio