The adequacy of current import and export controls on sealed radioactive sources.

Millions of sealed radioactive sources (SRSs) are being used for a wide variety of beneficial purposes throughout the world. Security experts are now concerned that these beneficial SRSs could be used in a radiological dispersion device to terrorize and disrupt society. The greatest safety and security threat is from those highly radioactive Category 1 and 2 SRSs. Without adequate controls, it may be relatively easy to legally purchase a Category 1 or 2 SRS on the international market under false pretenses. Additionally, during transfer, SRSs are particularly susceptible to theft since the sources are in a shielded and mobile configuration, transportation routes are predictable, and shipments may not be adequately guarded. To determine if government controls on SRS are adequate, this study was commissioned to review the current SRS import and export controls of six countries. Canada, the Russian Federation, and South Africa were selected as the exporting countries, and Egypt, the Philippines, and the United States were selected as importing countries. A detailed review of the controls in each country is presented. The authors found that Canada and Russia are major exporters, and are exporting highly radioactive SRSs without first determining if the recipient is authorized by the receiving country to own and use the SRSs. Available evidence was used to estimate that on average there are tens to possibly hundreds of intercountry transfers of highly radioactive SRSs each day. Based on these and other findings, this reports recommends stronger controls on the export and import of highly radioactive SRSs

Fort McDowell Indian Community Water Settlement (Yavapai Nation)

Settlement: Fort McDowell Indian Community Water Settlement (Jan. 15, 1993) Parties: Fort McDowell Indian Community, Yavapai Nation, Arizona, US, Salt River Valley Water Users Association, Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District, Roosevelt Water Conservation District, Chandler, Glendale, Mesa, Phoenix, Scottsdale, Tempe, Gilbert, and Central AZ Water Conservation District. Overall plan is to find enough water to irrigate 4,000 acres with a duty of 4.5 a/f/y and support 18,350 acres with a duty of 1 a/f/y. of urban development. With an exception for the Verde River Spill Water, total diversion (all from above Granite Reef Dam) is limited to 36,350 a/f/y. Diversions by Phoenix will not count against this total. 7,060 a/f/y will be controlled by the Kent, 6,730 a/f/y (delivered at 50 percent normal cost and phased in over five years) by the Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District, 3,200 a/f/y by the Roosevelt Water Conservation District, 4,300 a/f/y from the Central AZ Project, and 13,933 a/f/y from the Harquahala Irrigation District. In times of shortage, water will be released from Verde River reservoirs to first satisfy the Kent, and then those rights of the Tribe and Phoenix. The Tribe\u27s maximum diversion right is slightly greater than its entitlement to agreed-upon returns. Tribe shall file its water usage report annually with the Gila River Adjudication. Tribe receives 3,000 a/f of storage space behind Bartlett and Horseshoe dams for more effective use of Kent waters. 6,730 a/f of Salt River Project stored water is available for a specific area. Tribe waives all other water within and without boundaries of reservation. Tribe shall lease 4,300 a/f to Phoenix for 99 years starting Jan. 1, 2001. It\u27s estimated that USA will pay $36M, AZ$2M, Phoenix $5M and the Tribe$1M. [Source: http://www.azwater.gov/azdwr/SurfaceWater/Adjudications/documents/Fort%20McDowell%20Indian%20Community%20Settlement%20Agreement%20&%20Exhibits.pdf