Correlates of life satisfaction.

<p>Relationships between life satisfaction and (1) health satisfaction (2) body mass index (BMI), and (3) daily positive emotions. The dark grey bar depicts correlation coefficients for non-milestone age participants, and the light grey bar depicts correlation coefficients for milestone age participants. Error bars represent standard error of the correlation coefficient. The asterisks denote significant (<i>p</i> < .05) differences between milestone age and non-milestone age participants (Fisher’s <i>Z</i> test).</p

Relationship between life satisfaction and (1) health satisfaction, (2) BMI, and (3) daily positive emotions, separately for groups classified by the ones (i.e., last) digit in their age.

<p>Bold values are significant.</p><p>Relationship between life satisfaction and (1) health satisfaction, (2) BMI, and (3) daily positive emotions, separately for groups classified by the ones (i.e., last) digit in their age.</p

Logistic regression of low ranked cognitive function (lowest quintile) in midlife (~50 y) on inflammatory markers at age ~30 y (baseline) or ~43 y (follow-up) and 13 y change in GlycA: the Jerusalem LRC longitudinal study.

<p>LRC, Lipid Research Clinic; CRP, C-reactive protein.</p><p>^a Box-Cox transformed CRP (λ = 0).</p><p>^b Additionally adjusted for baseline measurement of GlycA and time elapsed between measurements.</p><p>^c Compared to the 4 lowest quintiles grouped.</p><p>Model 1: Unadjusted</p><p>Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, educational level, origin, childhood SES (ICBS ranking) and adult SES (ICBS ranking), depression, and baseline leisure-time vigorous activity, smoking status and BMI measured at ages 28–32.</p><p>Model 3: Model 2 plus change in smoking status, change in BMI, and duration between measurements. Reference level of dummy variables: sex, females; educational level, elementary (<9 yrs.); origin, Israel; leisure-time vigorous activity, none; smoking status, never; change in smoking status, no change. Age, childhood SES, adult SES, depression, BMI, change in BMI; all introduced as continuous/ interval variables.</p><p>^d Missing data: CRP (n = 14), white blood cell count (n = 12), fibrinogen (n = 43), GlycA at baseline (n = 21), GlycA change (n = 23), adult SES (n = 5), depression (n = 4), leisure-time vigorous activity (n = 1), change in BMI (n = 1). Missing values of adult SES, depression, leisure-time vigorous activity and change in BMI were replaced with non-missing median or mean values.</p><p>P-values in parentheses.</p><p>* p < .05.</p><p>** p < .01</p><p>Logistic regression of low ranked cognitive function (lowest quintile) in midlife (~50 y) on inflammatory markers at age ~30 y (baseline) or ~43 y (follow-up) and 13 y change in GlycA: the Jerusalem LRC longitudinal study.</p

Characteristics of the study sample: the Jerusalem LRC longitudinal study, 1976–2011.

<p>LRC, Lipid Research Clinic; BMI, body mass index</p><p>^a Mean ± SD (all such values).</p><p>^b An higher value infers a lower SES. Scale range from 1–6.</p><p>^c An higher value infers a higher SES. Vered Kraus scores range from 2.60–98.96; MacArthur Scale range from 1–10.</p><p>^d Computed by subtracting ICBS-based SES in adulthood from SES in childhood (both with a range from 1 (upper) to 6 (lower)). Range of social mobility score was from -5 (maximal downward drifting) to +5 (maximal upward mobility). No change/upward mobility corresponds to scores ≥0, whereas downward drifting corresponds to scores <0.</p><p>^e Computed by subtracting baseline GlycA at ages 28–32 from GlycA measured at ages 41–46.</p><p>^f 7-items each scored 0-3.Scale range from 0–21. Cronbach's alphas were adequate at .71 and .785 for the depression and the anxiety subscale, respectively.</p><p>^g Exercise for at least 20 minutes causing heavy breathing and sweating.</p><p>^h Low/ high intake, according to median split of alcohol intake among consumers of ≥once/ week.</p><p>ⁱ Computed by the Friedewald method [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138036#pone.0138036.ref038" target="_blank">38</a>].; not computed for 7 males at age 30 and 11 participants (10 males and 1 females) at age 43 with triglycerides > 400 mg/dL.</p><p>^j Calculated as the product of fasting serum glucose (mmol/L) x fasting serum insulin (mlU/L) divided by 22.5.</p><p>Missing data: adult SES (ICBS ranking) (n = 5), adult SES (MacArthur Scale) (n = 11), early SEP (Vered Kraus Scale) (n = 4), social mobility (n = 5), depressive symptoms score (n = 4), anxiety symptoms score (n = 4), leisure-time vigorous activity (n = 1), BMI at follow-up (n = 1), LDL-cholesterol (n = 7), HOMA-IR (n = 1), homocysteine (n = 16), C-reactive protein (n = 14), WBC (n = 12), fibrinogen (n = 43), baseline GlycA (n = 21), GlycA change (n = 23).</p><p>Characteristics of the study sample: the Jerusalem LRC longitudinal study, 1976–2011.</p

Modeling of Cognitive Impairment by Disease Duration in Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study

<div><p>Background/Aims</p><p>Large-scale population studies measuring rates and dynamics of cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis (MS) are lacking. In the current cross-sectional study we evaluated the patterns of cognitive impairment in MS patients with disease duration of up to 30 years.</p><p>Methods</p><p>1,500 patients with MS were assessed by a computerized cognitive battery measuring verbal and non-verbal memory, executive function, visual spatial perception, verbal function, attention, information processing speed and motor skills. Cognitive impairment was defined as below one standard deviation (SD) and severe cognitive impairment as below 2SD for age and education matched healthy population norms.</p><p>Results</p><p>Cognitive performance in our cohort was poorer than healthy population norms. The most frequently impaired domains were information processing speed and executive function. MS patients with secondary-progressive disease course performed poorly compared with clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting and primary progressive MS patients. By the fifth year from disease onset, 20.9% of patients performed below the 1SD cutoff for impairment, p = 0.005, and 6.0% performed below the 2SD cutoff for severe cognitive impairment, p = 0.002. By 10 years from onset 29.3% and 9.0% of patients performed below the 1SD and 2SD cutoffs, respectively, p = 0.0001. Regression modeling suggested that cognitive impairment may precede MS onset by 1.2 years.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The rates of cognitive impairment in this large sample of MS patients were lower than previously reported and severe cognitive impairment was evident only in a relatively small group of patients. Cognitive impairment differed significantly from expected normal distribution only at five years from onset, suggesting the existence of a therapeutic window during which patients may benefit from interventions to maintain cognitive health.</p></div

Percent of MS patients with cognitive impairment by disease duration.

<p>The percent of patients with impairment in GCS at a cutoff of 85 (1SD below the normalized mean, white bars) and at a cutoff of 70 (2SD below the normalized mean, black bars) is presented by disease duration. The dashed bars represent the percent of patients with GCS ≥85. N = number of patients; *p≤0.005; **p<0.001; ***p<0.05.</p

Descriptive data for 1500 MS patients.

<p>P = p by ANOVA after Bonferroni correction for group comparison; p^a = p between CIS and SPMS; p^b = p between RRMS and SPMS; p^c = p between PPMS and SPMS. N = number; SE = standard error of the mean; CIS = clinically isolated syndrome; RRMS = relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; SPMS = secondary progressive multiple sclerosis; PPMS = primary progressive multiple sclerosis; EDSS- Expanded disability status scale; IMD – Immunomodulatory drugs.</p

Cognitive performance as a function of MS disease duration.

<p>Cognitive performance for MS patients with disease durations of 1 to 30 years (5-year intervals) with 95% confidence intervals for GCS (A) and individual cognitive domains (B–H), N = 1500.</p

MindStreams Global Assessment Battery (GAB): Description of cognitive domains tested and outcome parameters obtained.

<p>Index scores explanation for GAB cognitive tests.</p><p>1. MEMORY: mean accuracies for learning and delayed recognition phases of Verbal and Non-Verbal Memory tests.</p><p>2. EXECUTIVE FUNCTION: composite scores (accuracy divided by average response time) for interference phase of the Stroop test and Go-NoGo test, mean weighted accuracy for Catch Game.</p><p>3. VISUAL SPATIAL: mean accuracy for Visual Spatial Processing test.</p><p>4. VERBAL: weighted accuracy for verbal rhyming test (part of Verbal Function test).</p><p>5. ATTENTION: mean response times for the Go-NoGo test and a no interference phase of the Stroop test, mean response time for a low-load stage of Staged Information Processing test, mean standard deviation of response time for the Go-NoGo test, mean accuracy for a medium-load stage of Information Processing test.</p><p>6. INFORMATION PROCESSING: composite scores (accuracy divided by average response time) for various low- and medium-load stages of the Staged Information Processing test.</p><p>7. MOTOR SKILLS: mean time until first move for Catch Game, mean inter-tap interval and standard deviation of inter-tap interval for Finger Tapping test.</p

Cognitive performance by GCS within the first year from MS onset, N = 187.

<p>Cognitive performance by GCS within the first year from MS onset, N = 187.</p